| |
Total |
Male |
Female |
P value |
| Number (%) |
14826 |
8020 (54.1) |
6806 (45.9) |
|
| Age (years) |
59.2 ± 11.5 |
58.3 ± 11.3 |
60.2 ± 11.6 |
<0.001 |
| Employed (%) |
41.7 |
55.3 |
25.7 |
<0.001 |
Education level (%)
Illiterate or primary
Middle school
Higher school or above |
42.3
39.6
18.1 |
30.6
45.8
23.6 |
56.0
32.4
11.6 |
<0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
7 (2, 13) |
6 (2, 12) |
8 (3, 15) |
<0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
25.9 ± 4.3 |
26.0 ± 4.0 |
25.8 ± 4.5 |
<0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
89.3 ± 11.2 |
91.8 ± 10.8 |
86.5 ± 11.0 |
<0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
135 ± 19 |
134 ± 18 |
136 ± 20 |
<0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) |
7.5 ± 1.6 |
7.5 ± 1.6 |
7.5 ± 1.5 |
0.464 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) |
7.9± 2.6 |
7.9 ± 2.6 |
7.9 ± 2.5 |
0.535 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) |
2.6 ± 0.8 |
2.6 ± 0.8 |
2.7 ± 0.8 |
<0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) |
1.3 (0.9,1.9) |
1.3 (0.9,1.9) |
1.3 (1.0,1.9) |
0.005 |
| Estimated GFR (ml/min per 1.73m2) |
104.2 ± 36.3 |
103.4 ± 31.0 |
105.2 ± 41.7 |
0.002 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) |
1.6 (0.6, 7.2) |
1.4 (0.5, 6.9) |
1.8 (0.7, 7.5) |
<0.001 |
| Co-morbitidies and complications |
| Hypertension (%) |
80.8 |
80.5 |
81.2 |
0.330 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) |
86.9 |
85.4 |
88.6 |
<0.001 |
| Obesity (%) |
54.7 |
56.8 |
52.2 |
<0.001 |
Albuminuria (%)
Microalbuminuria
Macroalbuminuria |
24.4
13.2 |
19.9
13.5 |
29.8
12.9 |
<0.001
0.259 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) |
9.3 |
8.7 |
10.0 |
0.006 |
| End-stage renal disease (%) |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.796 |
| Retinopathy (%) |
27.3 |
27.2 |
27.5 |
0.665 |
| Sensory neuropathy (%) |
4.5 |
4.9 |
4.0 |
0.004 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) |
21.6 |
24.0 |
18.8 |
<0.001 |
| Hypoglycaemia at least once monthly (%) |
8.4 |
8.0 |
8.9 |
0.047 |
| Malignancy (%) |
4.5 |
3.9 |
5.2 |
<0.001 |
| Lifestyle factors |
| Current or ex-smoker (%) |
32.2 |
53.7 |
6.9 |
<0.001 |
| Adherence to diet (%) |
52.9 |
50.2 |
56.1 |
<0.001 |
| Physical exercise at least 3 times per week (%) |
47.9 |
47.0 |
49.0 |
0.019 |
| Blood glucose monitoring at least once per month (%) |
62.2 |
61.7 |
62.8 |
0.171 |
| Treatment |
| Diet control only (%) |
17.8 |
19.0 |
16.4 |
<0.001 |
| Oral hypoglycaemic agent only (%) |
72.2 |
70.8 |
73.8 |
<0.001 |
| Insulin (%) |
10.0 |
10.2 |
9.8 |
0.470 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (inter-quartile range) or percentages as appropriate.