| Characteristic |
Diabetic Retinopathy (n=497) |
|
| Absent(n=200) |
Present(n=297) |
|
| Categorical variable |
Na |
% |
Na |
% |
p |
| Gender (male) |
110 |
55.0 |
212 |
71.4 |
<0.001 |
| Income |
|
|
|
|
|
| <$30,000 |
134 |
74.9 |
190 |
69.3 |
0.20 |
| ≥$30,000 |
45 |
25.1 |
84 |
30.7 |
| Education |
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary school or below |
32 |
16.4 |
42 |
14.6 |
0.62 |
| Secondary school |
105 |
53.9 |
168 |
58.3 |
| 14 years or above |
58 |
29.7 |
78 |
27.1 |
| Current/past smoker |
113 |
57.4 |
156 |
53.1 |
0.35 |
| Insulin use |
29 |
14.7 |
148 |
50.0 |
<0.001 |
| Comorbidities* (yes) |
178 |
89.0 |
248 |
83.5 |
0.09 |
| Diabetic complication (yes)Δ |
44 |
22.0 |
116 |
39.1 |
<0.001 |
| Continuous variable |
Mean/median |
SD/IQR |
Mean/median |
SD/IQR |
p |
| Age (years)§ |
69.0 |
14.5 |
64.0 |
14.0 |
<0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
138.5 |
19.0 |
141.8 |
19.2 |
0.057 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg |
77.0 |
8.2 |
75.9 |
9.1 |
0.17 |
| Duration of diabetes (years)§ |
8.0 |
9.0 |
16.3 |
13.0 |
<0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
30.6 |
6.7 |
31.4 |
6.2 |
0.25 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL§ |
7.0 |
2.4 |
8.4 |
7.8 |
<0.001 |
| HbA1c (%)§ |
7.0 |
1.4 |
7.8 |
1.9 |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L§ |
4.6 |
1.5 |
4.3 |
1.5 |
0.18 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L |
1.44 |
0.48 |
1.29 |
0.38 |
<0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L§ |
1.5 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
1.2 |
0.49 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L§ |
2.2 |
1.2 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
0.86 |
Data shown as medians (IQR) [§] for skewed data and mean (SD) for normally distributed data
*Includes hypertension, angina, irregular heartbeat, stroke, high cholesterol, asthma, anaemia, migraine, arthritis, and osteoporosis
Δ: nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy
aVaries because of missing data. Bolded values indicate significant results
BMI: Body Mass Index; HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein; LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein; SD: Standard Deviation; IQR: Interquartile Range. HbA1c: Haemoglobin A1c |
