| Risk factor |
DRΔ |
DMEΔ |
| OR (95% CI) |
p |
OR (95% CI) |
p |
| Gender (female) |
0.53 (0.33-0.87) |
0.011 |
|
|
| Insulin use |
2.64 (1.50-4.64) |
0.001 |
|
|
| At least one comorbidity |
|
|
|
|
| Diabetic complication |
|
|
|
|
| Age (years) |
0.95 (0.92-0.97) |
<0.001 |
0.95 (0.93, 0.97) |
<0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg |
|
|
1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
0.092 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
1.10 (1.07-1.14) |
<0.001 |
1.04 (1.02, 1.07) |
<0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) |
1.34 (1.13-1.60) |
0.001 |
1.41 (1.20, 1.67) |
<0.001 |
DR: Diabetic Retinopathy; DME: Diabetic Macular Edema; HbA1c: Haemoglobin A1c; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure
ΔThe independent variables include age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration, smoking history, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,
insulin use, other diabetic complication, fasting plasma glucose, and comorbidities |
