| |
ORc |
95% CI |
p value |
ORa |
95% CI |
p value |
| Age 55-74 (vs <55 years-old) |
1.27 |
1.23-1.30 |
<0.001 |
1.47 |
1.43-1.52 |
<0.001 |
| Age ≥75 (vs <55 years-old) |
1.53 |
1.48-1.57 |
<0.001 |
1.89 |
1.83-1.96 |
<0.001 |
| Male Sex (vs female) |
0.97 |
0.95-0.98 |
<0.001 |
0.99 |
0.97-1.01 |
0.340 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) |
0.87 |
0.87-0.91 |
<0.001 |
0.84 |
0.83-0.86 |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension |
1.16 |
1.14-1.80 |
<0.001 |
1.19 |
1.17-1.22 |
<0.001 |
| Current Smoker |
0.83 |
0.81-0.85 |
<0.001 |
0.91 |
0.88-0.94 |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes Duration 3-5 years (vs ≤2 years) |
0.59 |
0.58-0.61 |
<0.001 |
0.66 |
0.64-0.68 |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes Duration 6-10 years (vs ≤2 years) |
0.45 |
0.43-0.46 |
<0.001 |
0.53 |
0.52-0.55 |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes Duration >10 years (vs ≤2 years) |
0.33 |
0.32-0.34 |
<0.001 |
0.44 |
0.42-0.45 |
<0.001 |
| LDL-Cholesterol control |
1.02 |
0.99-1.03 |
0.120 |
1.30 |
1.27-1.32 |
<0.001 |
| Any macrovascular complication |
0.94 |
0.92-0.96 |
<0.001 |
1.11 |
1.08-1.14 |
<0.001 |
| Heart Failure |
0.99 |
0.96-1.04 |
0.898 |
1.07 |
1.02-1.13 |
0.003 |
Nephropathy
Microalbuminuria
Macroalbuminuria |
0.63
0.56 |
0.62-0.65
0.52-0.61 |
<0.001
<0.001 |
0.71
0.66 |
0.69-0.74
0.61-0.72 |
<0.001
<0.001 |
| eGFR 30-59 (vs ≥60) |
1.11 |
1.08-1.14 |
<0.001 |
1.21 |
1.18-1.25 |
<0.001 |
| eGFR <30 (vs ≥60) |
1.29 |
1.19-1.41 |
<0.001 |
2.17 |
1.97-2.39 |
<0.001 |
| Model 1: Glycaemic-lowering treatments (vs. Metformin) |
| Lifestyle Only |
4.80 |
4.66-4.95 |
<0.001 |
4.48 |
4.35-4.62 |
<0.001 |
| Sulfonylureas |
0.66 |
0.64-0.67 |
<0.001 |
0.66 |
0.64-0.67 |
<0.001 |
| Glitazones |
0.80 |
0.73-0.88 |
<0.001 |
0.87 |
0.79-0.95 |
<0.001 |
| Glinides |
0.58 |
0.55-0.61 |
<0.001 |
0.55 |
0.52-0.59 |
<0.001 |
| Insulin |
0.33 |
0.32-0.34 |
<0.001 |
0.33 |
0.32-0.34 |
<0.001 |
| Other (AlphaGlucosidase inhibitors, DPP4 Inhibitors, Exenatide) |
0.86 |
0.80-0.93 |
<0.001 |
0.86 |
0.80-0.93 |
<0.001 |
| Model 2: Glycaemic-lowering steps of treatment (vs. lifestyle changes only) |
| Oral antidiabetic monotherapy |
0.29 |
0.29-0.30 |
<0.001 |
0.30 |
0.29-0.30 |
<0.001 |
| Combined oral antidiabetics |
0.11 |
0.11-0.11 |
<0.001 |
0.12 |
0.11-0.12 |
<0.001 |
| Oral antidiabetic drug + Insulin |
0.05 |
0.05-0.06 |
<0.001 |
0.05 |
0.05-0.06 |
<0.001 |
| Insulin monotherapy |
0.08 |
0.08-0.08 |
<0.001 |
0.08 |
0.75-0.82 |
<0.001 |
cOR: Crude Odds Ratio; aOR Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI95%: Confidence Interval 95%; eGFR (MDRD): Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
* Adjusted for: age, sex, BMI, hypertension, LDL-cholesterol control (<100 mg/dl in secondary prevention; <130 mg/dl in primary prevention), macrovascular disease, heart
failure, renal function, presence of nephropathy and current smoking habit