| Variables |
Male
(n=130) |
Female (n=264) |
p-value1 |
| Duration of diabetes (yr), mean ± SD |
10.9 ± 7.9 |
9.4 ± 7.1 |
0.062 |
| Duration of smoking (yr), mean ± SD |
30.4 ± 13.7 |
10.3 ± 4.5 |
0.022 |
| |
n (%) |
n (%) |
p-value 2 |
| Education |
|
|
<0.001 |
| Illiterate |
45 (34.6) |
171 (64.8) |
|
| Primary school |
32 (24.6) |
39 (14.8) |
|
| Secondary school |
39 (30.0) |
35 (13.3) |
|
| University |
14 (10.8) |
19 (7.2) |
|
| Occupation |
|
|
<0.001 |
| Retired |
73 (56.2) |
2 (0.8) |
|
| Employed |
34 (26.2) |
21 (8.0) |
|
| Unemployed |
23 (27.7) |
14 (5.3) |
|
| Housewife |
0 |
227 (86.0) |
|
| Smoking |
24 (16.2) |
3 (1.1) |
<0.001 |
| Regularly visiting the diabetes center |
119 (93.7) |
249 (95.8) |
0.377 |
|
Physical activity |
|
|
|
| Active |
84 (65.1) |
154 (58.6) |
0.210 |
| Inactive |
45 (34.9) |
109 (41.4) |
|
| Abnormal percentage body fat |
94 (73%) |
254 (95%) |
<0.001 |
| Retinopathy |
25 (20.7) |
28 (10.8) |
0.008 |
| Mode of diabetes diagnosis |
|
|
0.005 |
| Screening |
81 (63.3) |
204 (78.8) |
|
| Symptomatic |
34 (24.2) |
34 (13.1) |
|
| Incidental |
16 (12.5) |
21 (8.1) |
|
| Treatment |
|
|
0.302 |
| Lifestyle measures |
5 (3.8) |
10 (3.8) |
|
| Oral hypoglycaemic agents |
98 (75.4) |
185 (70.1) |
|
| Insulin added |
27 (20.8) |
69 (26.1) |
|
| Michigan-history score |
|
|
|
| Score <7 |
118 (91.5) |
233 (88.6) |
|
| Score ≥ 7 |
11 (8.5) |
30 (11.4) |
0.381 |
| Michigan-sign score |
|
|
|
| Score <3 |
75 (61.0) |
202 (61.0) |
|
| Score ≥ 3 |
48 (37.0) |
53 (20.1) |
<0.001 |
1P-value was based on independent samples t-test; 2P-values were based on
Pearson’s chi-square test; n (%), number (percent) of patients. The percentage
was calculated based on number of patients who had completed the test. |
