| Pk parameter |
Non Diabetic groups |
Diabetic Groups |
| Pioglitazone |
PIO+PIP(SDI) |
PIO+PIP(MDI) |
Pioglitazone |
PIO+PIP(SDI) |
PIO+PIP(MDI) |
| Cmax (μg/mL) |
2.03 ± 0.49 |
2.04 ± 0.17 |
2.06 ± 0.28 |
2.01 ± 0.87 |
2.02 ± 0.17 |
2.37 ± 0.31 |
| Tmax (hrs) |
0.5 ± 0 |
1 ± 0 |
1 ± 0 |
0.5 ± 0 |
1 ± 0 |
1 ± 0 |
| AUC0 to n (μg/ hr mL) |
9.21 ± 1.12 |
11.29 ± 4.97 * |
13.32 ± 2.14 * |
12.65 ± 1.97 |
14.90 ± 2.11 |
19.70 ± 3.16* |
| AUC total (μg /hr mL) |
10.44 ± 3.07 |
13.86 ± 2.07 |
16.62 ± 5.13 * |
15.54 ± 3.12 |
19.03 ± 2.28 * |
28.31 ± 3.17 ** |
| AUMC0 to n (μg/ hr*hr mL) |
71.22 ± 15.10 |
93.41 ± 11.71 |
111.48 ± 14.18** |
111.30 ± 17.37 |
132.20 ± 12.73* |
185.38 ± 16.11** |
| AUMC total (μg /hr*hr mL) |
115.09 ± 26.94 |
193.44 ± 21.18 |
241.45 ± 28.01** |
222.53 ± 23.16 |
297.57 ± 27.49* |
570.43 ± 32.04** |
| T1/2 (hrs) |
7.98 ± 1.14 |
10.32 ± 0.91* |
10.71 ± 2.13 * |
9.98 ± 2.17 |
11.09 ± 1.17 |
14.37 ± 1.54 ** |
| MRT (hrs) |
11.01 ± 2.17 |
13.94 ± 1.98 |
14.52 ± 2.54 * |
14.31 ± 1.17 |
15.62 ± 0.16 |
20.14 ± 0.91 * |
| Cl (ml/hr) |
0.95 ± 0.11 |
0.72 ± 0.17 |
0.60 ± 0.14* |
0.64 ± 0.15 |
0.52 ± 0.13 |
0.35 ± 0.02 * |
| Vd (ml) |
11.02 ± 3.96 |
10.74 ± 2.15 |
9.29 ± 1.57 |
9.26 ± 1.96 |
8.41 ± 1.05 |
7.32 ± 0.97 |
| Vdss (mL) |
10.54 ± 3.93 |
10.05 ± 2.93 |
8.73 ± 2.47 |
9.20 ± 2.01 |
8.20 ± 1.28 |
7.11 ± 1.14 |
Mean ± SD; ***significant at p<0.001;**significant at p<0.01; *significant at p<0.05 compared to pioglitazone control; SDI: Single Dose Interaction; MDI: Multiple Dose
Interaction; PIO: Pioglitazone; PIP: Piperine. |
