| |
Mean ± Standard deviation, N (%) |
| Total (N=557) |
Non-DM (N=456) |
DM |
| Total (N=101) |
Controlled (N=47) |
Uncontrolled (N=54) |
| Age, years |
70.7 ± 5.3 |
70.6 ± 5.3 |
71.1 ± 5.1 |
70.7 ± 4.2 |
71.3 ± 5.7 |
| Glucose, mg/dL |
96.2 ± 20.4 |
91.0 ± 10.6 |
120.3 ± 33.5* |
95.3 ± 9.5 |
140.8 ± 32.1* |
| SBP, mmHg |
131.8 ± 16.7 |
131.8 ± 16.7 |
131.6 ± 17.0 |
130.5 ± 16.6 |
132.5 ± 17.5 |
| DBP, mmHg |
74.5 ± 9.9 |
74.9 ± 9.9 |
72.7 ± 10.0* |
72.5 ± 9.2 |
73.0 ± 10.7 |
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
144 (25.9 %) |
116 (25.4 %) |
28 (27.7 %) |
16 (34.0 %) |
12 (22.2 %) |
| Female |
413 (74.1 %) |
340 (74.6 %) |
73 (72.3 %) |
31 (66.0 %) |
42 (77.8 %) |
| BMIa |
|
|
|
|
|
| <Q1 |
139 (25.0 %) |
120 (26.3 %) |
19 (18.8 %) |
10 (21.3 %) |
9 (16.7 %) |
| Q1-Q3 |
284 (51.0 %) |
233 (51.1 %) |
51 (50.5 %) |
19 (40.4 %) |
32 (59.3 %) |
| ≥ Q3 |
134 (24.1 %) |
103 (22.6 %) |
31 (30.7 %) |
18 (38.3 %) |
13 (24.1 %) |
| Exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
343 (63.2 %) |
274 (61.9 %) |
69 (69.0 %) |
35 (74.5 %) |
34 (64.2 %) |
| No |
200 (36.8 %) |
169 (38.1 %) |
31 (31.0 %) |
12 (25.5 %) |
19 (35.8 %) |
| Alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
121 (22.4 %) |
96 (21.8 %) |
25 (25.3 %) |
12 (25.5 %) |
13 (25.0 %) |
| No |
419 (77.6 %) |
345 (78.2 %) |
74 (74.7 %) |
35 (74.5 %) |
39 (75.0 %) |
| Cotinine Level
(μg/g creatinine) |
|
|
|
|
|
| >400 |
31 (5.6 %) |
27 (6.0 %) |
4 (4.0 %) |
2 (4.3 %) |
2 (3.7 %) |
| ≤ 400 |
518 (94.4 %) |
422 (94.0 %) |
96 (96.0 %) |
44 (95.7 %) |
52 (96.3 %) |
| Education years |
|
|
|
|
|
| < 6 years |
171 (30.7 %) |
136 (29.8 %) |
35 (34.7 %) |
15 (31.9 %) |
20 (37.0 %) |
| ≥ 6 years |
386 (69.3 %) |
320 (70.2 %) |
66 (65.3 %) |
32 (68.1 %) |
34 (63.0 %) |
| Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
279 (50.1 %) |
216 (47.4 %) |
63 (62.4 %)* |
28 (59.6 %) |
35 (64.8 %) |
| No |
278 (49.9 %) |
240 (52.6 %) |
38 (37.6 %) |
19 (40.4 %) |
19 (35.2 %) |
Abbreviations: DM: participants diagnosed as diabetes (under treatment or no treatment), or having fasting serum glucose level (FG) ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) at a visit;
non-DM, otherwise; Uncontrolled DM, FG ≥ 110 mg/dL; controlled DM (FG ≤ 110 mg/dL) among DM participants; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood
Pressure
*Significant difference (P-value<0.05) between non-DM and DM group (marked on total DM) or between uncontrolled and controlled DM group (marked on uncontrolled
DM).
aQuartile values of Body Mass Index (BMI) levels (kg/m2): Q1=23 and Q3=27. |
