Dependent variable Model β 95% CI P-value HOMA2-IR 1 0.429 0.350-0.507 <0.001 2 0.214 0.147-0.280 <0.001 3 0.210 0.143-0.276 <0.001 4 0.145 0.051-0.239 0.003 The standardized regression coefficient β represents one standard deviation (SD) increase in HOMA2-IR per SD increase in plasma D-lactate. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: model 1 + glucose metabolism status, smoking status, prior CVD, use of medication (glucose-, lipid-, and blood pressure lowering), estimated glomerular filtration rate and waist circumference; Model 3: model 2 + HbA1C; Model 4: model 3 + plasma L-lactate levels.

Table 2: Association between plasma D-lactate (μmol/L) and HOMA2-IR.