| Variables |
Men |
Women |
| Total
N (%) |
Diabetes N (%) |
χ2p value |
Total
N (%) |
Diabetes N (%) |
χ2p value |
| Milk or curd |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Daily |
26307(46.4) |
391(1.5) |
|
40366(40.5) |
492(1.2) |
|
| Weekly |
11554(20.4) |
117(1.0) |
|
15071(15.1) |
138(0.9) |
|
| Occasionally |
14757(26.0) |
138(0.9) |
|
32918(33.1) |
302(0.9) |
|
| Never |
4114(7.3) |
74(1.8) |
|
11202(11.3) |
117(1.0) |
|
| Pulses and beans |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Daily |
29863(52.6) |
437(1.5) |
|
52440(52.7) |
538(1.0) |
|
| Weekly |
21705(38.3) |
219(1.0) |
|
36597(36.8) |
360(1.0) |
|
| Occasionally |
4660(8.2) |
51(1.1) |
|
9663(9.7) |
131(1.4) |
|
| Never |
505(0.9) |
13(2.6) |
|
852(0.9) |
20(2.3) |
|
| Green leafy vegetables |
|
|
0.149 |
|
|
0.090 |
| Daily |
33982(59.9) |
453(1.3) |
|
64095(64.4) |
674(1.1) |
|
| Weekly |
19270(34.0) |
231(1.2) |
|
28606(28.7) |
286(1.0) |
|
| Never/ Occasionally |
3480(6.1) |
35(1.0) |
|
6840(6.9) |
89(1.3) |
|
| Fruits |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Daily |
7320(12.9) |
125(1.7) |
|
12789(12.9) |
206(1.6) |
|
| Weekly |
19368(34.1) |
255(1.3) |
|
26731(26.9) |
276(1.0) |
|
| Occasionally |
28484(50.2) |
296(1.0) |
|
56336(56.6) |
503(0.9) |
|
| Never |
1546(2.7) |
44(2.8) |
|
3631(3.6) |
63(1.7) |
|
| Eggs |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Daily |
2931(5.2) |
56(1.9) |
|
3475(3.5) |
60(1.7) |
|
| Weekly |
20682(36.5) |
317(1.5) |
|
28778(28.9) |
363(1.3) |
|
| Occasionally |
19786(34.9) |
201(1.0) |
|
32635(32.8) |
287(0.9) |
|
| Never |
13330(23.5) |
146(1.1) |
|
34647(34.8) |
340(1.0) |
|
| Fish |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Daily |
3706(6.5) |
90(2.4) |
|
6505(6.5) |
149(2.3) |
|
| Weekly |
14414(25.4) |
238(1.7) |
|
22070(22.2) |
304(1.4) |
|
| Occasionally |
21818(38.5) |
225(1.0) |
|
34242(34.4) |
264(0.8) |
|
| Never |
16782(29.6) |
167(1.0) |
|
36724(36.9) |
331(0.9) |
|
| Chicken or meat |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Daily |
706(1.2) |
6(0.9) |
|
839(0.8) |
14(1.7) |
|
| Weekly |
15609(27.5) |
269(1.7) |
|
21938(22.0) |
292(1.3) |
|
| Occasionally |
26135(46.1) |
291(1.1) |
|
42222(42.0) |
423(1.0) |
|
| Never |
14272(25.2) |
155(1.1) |
|
34537(34.7) |
320(0.9) |
|
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| ≤18.5 (Underweight) |
15358(28.7) |
96(0.8) |
|
30663(32.1) |
119(0.5) |
|
| 18.5-22.9 (Normal) |
26616(49.8) |
288(1.0) |
|
41219(43.2) |
319(0.7) |
|
| 23.0-24.9 (Overweight) |
5635(10.5) |
128(2.3) |
|
9454(9.9) |
153(1.6) |
|
| ≥25.0 (Obese) |
5881(11.0) |
178(3.0) |
|
14169(14.8) |
437(3.1) |
|
| Current Tobacco smoking |
|
|
0.498 |
|
|
0.514 |
| No |
35422(62.4) |
450(1.3) |
|
97738(98.2) |
1030(1.1) |
|
| Yes |
21321(37.6) |
270(1.3) |
|
1835(1.8) |
19(1.0) |
|
| Alcohol consumption |
|
|
0.362 |
|
|
0.020 |
| Never |
35965(63.4) |
436(1.2) |
|
97101(97.5) |
1037(1.1) |
|
| Occasionally |
13054(23.0) |
180(1.4) |
|
1067(1.1) |
7(0.7) |
|
| Once a week |
5676(10.0) |
74(1.3) |
|
1010(1.0) |
3(0.3) |
|
| Almost everyday |
2048(3.6) |
31(1.5) |
|
396(0.4) |
1(0.3) |
|
| Frequency of watching TV |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Not at all |
10517(18.5) |
112(1.1) |
|
35399(35.6) |
255(0.7) |
|
| Less than once a week |
11420(20.1) |
95(0.8) |
|
10438(10.5) |
96(0.9) |
|
| At least once a week |
9081(16.0) |
114(1.3) |
|
10952(11.0) |
100(0.9) |
|
| Almost everyday |
25717(45.3) |
400(1.6) |
|
42763(43.0) |
598(1.4) |
|
| Age |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| 20-29 |
22842(40.3) |
91(0.4) |
|
43196(43.4) |
113(0.3) |
|
| 30-39 |
19045(33.6) |
179(0.9) |
|
33522(33.7) |
342(1.0) |
|
| 40-49 |
14855(26.2) |
450(3.0) |
|
22856(23.0) |
594(2.6) |
|
| Educationa |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Illiterate |
11607(20.5) |
144(1.2) |
|
45113(45.3) |
338(0.7) |
|
| Literate, < middle school |
10030(17.7) |
111(1.1) |
|
14463(14.5) |
192(1.3) |
|
| Middle school completed |
26783(47.2) |
320(1.2) |
|
31665(31.8) |
435(1.4) |
|
| High school complete and above |
8311(14.7) |
146(1.8) |
|
83284(8.4) |
83(1.0) |
|
| Religion |
|
|
0.099 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Hindu |
46727(82.3) |
575(1.2) |
|
80648(81.0) |
792(1.0) |
|
| Muslim |
6841(12.1) |
103(1.5) |
|
12940(13.0) |
164(1.3) |
|
| Christian |
1290(2.3) |
19(1.5) |
|
2526(2.5) |
56(2.2) |
|
| Sikhs |
1009(1.8) |
17(1.7) |
|
1836(1.8) |
21(1.1) |
|
| Othersb |
876(1.5) |
6(0.7) |
|
1624(1.6) |
16(1.0) |
|
| Caste/tribec |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Scheduled caste |
10670(18.8) |
131(1.2) |
|
18260(18.3) |
173(0.9) |
|
| Scheduled tribes |
4732(8.3) |
24(0.5) |
|
8002(8.0) |
30(0.4) |
|
| Other backward class |
22116(39.0) |
256(1.2) |
|
38860(39.0) |
368(0.9) |
|
| Others |
17414(30.7) |
270(1.6) |
|
31440(31.6) |
437(1.4) |
|
| Missing caste |
1810(3.2) |
40(2.2) |
|
3011(3.0) |
41(1.4) |
|
| Wealth indexd |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Lowest |
9103(16.0) |
71(0.8) |
|
17286(17.4) |
71(0.4) |
|
| Second |
10205(18.0) |
100(1.0) |
|
18546(18.6) |
141(0.8) |
|
| Middle |
11533(20.3) |
80(0.7) |
|
19698(19.8) |
152(0.8) |
|
| Fourth |
12634(22.3) |
154(1.2) |
|
20925(21.0) |
275(1.3) |
|
| Highest |
13266(23.4) |
316(2.4) |
|
23119(23.2) |
411(1.8) |
|
| Place of residence |
|
|
<0.0001 |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Urban |
20779(36.6) |
347(1.7) |
|
33355(33.5) |
551(1.7) |
|
| Rural |
35963(63.4) |
373(1.0) |
|
66219(66.5) |
498(0.8) |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total percent, Diabetes |
|
1.3 |
|
|
1.1 |
|
| Numbere |
56742 |
720 |
|
99574 |
1050 |
|
aEducation: illiterate (0 years of education), literate but less than middle school complete (1–5 years of education), middle school complete (6–8 years of education), high
school complete or more (9+ years of education).
bOthers include Buddhist, Jain, Jewish, Zoroastrian.
cScheduled castes and scheduled tribes are identified by the Government of India as socially and economically backward and needing protection from social injustice and
exploitation. Other backward class is a diverse collection of intermediate castes that were considered low in the traditional caste hierarchy but are clearly above scheduled
castes. Others is thus a default residual group that enjoys higher status in the caste hierarchy.
dThe wealth index is based on following assets in the household: household electrification, type of windows, drinking water source, type of toilet facility, type of flooring,
material of exterior walls, type of roofing, house ownership, ownership of a bank or post office account, and ownership of a mattress, a pressure cooker, a chair, a cot/
bed, a table, an electric fan, a radio/transistor, a black and white television, a colour television, a sewing machine, a mobile telephone, any other telephone, a computer, a
refrigerator, a watch or clock, a bicycle, a motorcycle or scooter, an animal-drawn cart, a car, a water pump, a thresher, and a tractor.
e Number of men and women varies slightly for individual variables depending on the number of missing values. |
