| Tear parameters |
DM |
Control (n=50) |
p-value1* |
p-value2** |
| No DMR
(n=56) |
NPDR
(n=40) |
PDR
(n=30) |
All DM
(n=126) |
| Schirmer (mm) |
Mean±SD |
10.61±5.50 |
7.76±3.14 |
5.80±3.04 |
8.60±4.69 |
11.29±2.19 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
| Range |
3-35 |
3-16 |
2-15 |
2-35 |
8-16 |
|
|
| TBUT (s) |
Mean±SD |
8.15±2.64 |
6.67±2.68 |
5.92±2.41 |
7.16±2.75 |
9.51±1.94 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
| Range |
3-12 |
3-14 |
2-10 |
2-14 |
3-12 |
|
|
| Staining (score) |
Mean±SD |
0.72±0.76 |
0.93±0.78 |
1.76±0.93 |
1.10±0.89 |
0.31±0.56 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
| Range |
0-2 |
0-3 |
0-3 |
0-3 |
0-2 |
|
|
| TMH (μm) |
Mean±SD |
260.89±66.94 |
227.38±71.39 |
184.96±90.42 |
233.42±78.57 |
309.13±44.63 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
| Range |
112-461 |
59-323 |
28-377 |
28-461 |
192-395 |
|
|
| TMD (μm) |
Mean±SD |
166.56±48.93 |
143.71±50.23 |
116.96±50.10 |
148.27±52.70 |
185.16±41.93 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
| Range |
80-292 |
39-291 |
24-197 |
24-292 |
117-299 |
|
|
| TMA (mm2) |
Mean±SD |
0.0320±0.017 |
0.0227±0.010 |
0.0171±0.010 |
0.0256±0.015 |
0.0358±0.011 |
0.000 |
0.000 |
| Range |
0.00-0.07 |
0.00-0.05 |
0.00-0.04 |
0.00-0.07 |
0.01-0.06 |
|
|
* ANOVA test between groups
** Two-tailed t-test between DM and control group
DM: Diabetes Mellitus; DMR: Diabetic Retinopathy; NPDR: Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy; PDR: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy; SD: Standard Deviation;
TMH: Tear Meniscus Height; TMD: Tear Meniscus Depth; TMA: Tear Meniscus Area; TBUT: Tear-film Break-Up Time. |
