| Reference |
No. of Subjects (males) |
Age (ys) |
Characteristics |
Intervention |
Outcome |
| HbA1c (%) |
Insulin doses/day |
|
|
| Heyman et al. [107] |
7 T1D (7)
7 CG |
10.5 ± 0.3
10.3 0.3 |
7.7 ± 0.7 |
0.92 ± 0.2 IU.kg-1.day-1 |
Evaluating aerobic fitness during an incremental maximal test and Aerobic power PWC170. [IA-DA-]. [PP]. Exercise ~ 2.25 h after insulin injection. |
- T1D pre-pubertal boys showed a significant ↓ in blood glucose during exercise.
|
| Tansey et al. [108] |
50 T1D (NA) |
14.8 ± 1.7 |
7.8 ± 0.8 |
NA |
1 x 75 min aerobic training session, heart rate 140 bpm. [IA+ DA +]. [PP]. |
- 30% of subjects became hypoglycaemic
- Blood glucose level significant ↓
|
| Heyman et al. [97] |
19 T1D (0)
19 CG |
15.9 ± 0.3
16.6 ± 1.1 |
8.1 ± 0.3 |
68.3 ± 3.1 IU.day-1 |
Maximal incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. [IA-DA-]. [PP]. Exercise ~ 2.25 h after insulin injection. |
- T1D adolescents (girls) showed a significant ↓ in blood glucose during exercise.
|
| Poortmans et al. [109] |
17 T1D (17)
17 CG (17) |
16.2 ± 0.7
16.6 ± 1.0 |
Good GC: 7.3 ± 0.3
Poor GC:
11.4 ± 0.9 Control:
6.3 ± 0.2 |
NA |
Maximal incremental exercise on bicycle ergometer. [IA-DA-]. [PP]. |
- Blood glucose levels significant ↓ more in well-controlled T1D compared with poor controlled T1D.
|
| Guelfi et al. [110] |
7 T1D (4) |
- ± 4
|
7.4 ± 1.5 |
14.8 ± 7.5 IU.day-1 |
A 30-min session of moderate continuous training (40% of VO2max.). [IA -DA-]. [PP]. |
- Capillary glucose level significant ↓
|
| West et al. [111] |
7 T1D (7) |
31 ± 2 |
8.3 ± 0.1 |
NA |
Ingestion of 75 g CHO 30, 60, 90 and 120 min prior to a single session of 45 min of running exercise (70% of VO2max.). [IA+DA+]. [PP]. Insulin injection 30, 60, 90 and 120 min prior to the exercise. |
- 75g CHO 30 min before exercising decreases the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes and augments blood glucose levels after exercise compared to the ingestion of 75 g 60, 90 or 120 minutes before exercise.
|
| Yamanouchi et al. [25] |
6 T1D (3) |
42.7 ± 13.6 |
7.4 ± 0.9 |
27.2 ± 9.4 IU.day-1 |
30 minutes of walking (< 50% of their VO2max) at a heart rate of 90-110 bpm, before or after breakfast. Subjects had 1 injection of regular insulin 30 min before breakfast: exercise after breakfast is performed while insulinaemia is high (peak of rapid insulin) whereas the exercise before breakfast is performed with low insulinaemia. [IA/DA+]. [FS and PP]. Exercise ~ 1h after insulin injection. |
- Blood glucose values significant ↓ when exercise is performed after breakfast, but not when exercise is performed before breakfast.
|
| Zinman et al. [119] |
16 T1D (10) |
30 (22-43) |
NA |
NA |
45 min at 50% of VO2max. [IA infusion, DA NA] 2 groups: 1 group continuous insulin infusion, 1 group received one-third of usual intermediate acting insulin by subcutaneous injection. [FS]. Exercise ~ 1h after insulin injection. |
- Rapid ↓ in glucose in subjects receiving one third of usual insulin. [P] glucose during exercise is constant in subjects with iv insulin infusion.
|
| Zinman et al. [124] |
13 T1D (7) |
30.0 ± 1.8 |
10.7 ± 0.3 → 10.3 ± 0.8 |
37.6 ± 3.2 IU.day-1 |
A 45-min session of aerobic exercise (60-85% of their VO2max.). [IA-DA- (daily routines)]. [PAS, PP, FS = NA]. Exercise ~ 45 -135 min after insulin injection. |
- Plasma glucose significant ↓
|
*Data presented as mean ± SD; N° of Subjects (males) = total number of subjects and the number between brackets are the number of males;
T1D: Type 1 Diabetes; GC: Glycaemic Control; NA: Not Applicable; CG: Controls; CHO: Carbohydrates; [VP]: Venous Plasma Glucose; [V]: Venous Whole blood, [P]:
Plasma; [C]: Capillary; IA: Insulin Advice before/after Exercise; DA: Dietary Advice before/during or after Exercise; iv: intra-venous; ↓: Decrease; [PAS]: Post Absorptive
State (5-11h after last meal); [PP]: Post Prandial (during 4h after meal); [FS]: Fasting State (> 12h after meal); HbA