Features Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide Chlorambucil Melphalan Chemical structure Physical property [8] log Kow: 0.6, solubility: 4×104 mg/L log Kow: 0.9, solubility: 4×103 mg/L log Kow: 1.7, solubility: 1×104 mg/L log Kow: -0.5, solubility: 46 mg/L Environmental occurrence [14-16] hospital effluents: 10 µg/L, surface water: 0.2 ng/L hospital effluents: 4.5 µg/L, surface water: 0.2 ng/L --- --- Ecotoxicology [17] EC50 > 1000 mg/L in various assays --- --- --- Treatment strategy [20-23, 27] Ni-Al in KOH, NaOCl, reverse osmosis membrane Ni-Al in KOH, NaOCl, reverse osmosis membrane Ni-Al in KOH Ni-Al in KOH, NaOCl

Table 1: Summary of classical alkylating agents (nitrogen mustards).