Forcing Phenomenon LOSU
Well-mixed greenhouse gases High
Stratospheric O3 Medium
Tropospheric O3 Medium
Direct sulphate aerosols Low
Direct biomass burning aerosols Very low
Direct fossil fuel aerosols (black carbon) Very low
Direct fossil fuel aerosols (organic carbon Very low
Direct mineral dust aerosols Very low
Indirect aerosol effect Very low
Contrails Very low
Aviation-induced cirrus Very low
Land-use (albedo) Very low
Solar Very low
Table 2: Level of scientific understanding (LOSU) of radiative forcings. Adapted from [57].