|
Intestinal causes |
Abnormal or increased colonic mobility
Elongated or redundant colon with long mesentery
Absence of peritoneal attachments
Malrotation or congenital malpositioning of the bowel
Gastrointestinal malignancies |
|
Diaphragmatic/pneumonic causes |
Abnormally high diaphragm due to:
muscular degeneration
phrenic nerve injury
excessive aerophagia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Changes in intrathoracic pressure [emphysema]
Pulmonary malignancies |
|
Hepatic causes |
Reduced liver volume due to
cirrhosis
right lobe segmental agenesis
Liver ptosis due to relaxation/laxity of the suspensory ligaments |
|
Miscellaneous causes |
Enlarged lower thoracic outlet
Elevated intra-abdominal pressure
ascites
pregnancy
High abdominal fat content/obesity
Mental retardation |