Figure 1: Mechanism of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; AR, androgen receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; Foxa, vertebrae forkhead box A; GSK-3β kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta kinase. Bold arrow indicates androgen response element (ARE).