Figure 1: Chronic HBV/HCV infection leads to the T-cells activation via antigen presentation by APCs and secretion of IFNs also stimulates innate cells. The antigen challenged CD8+ T cells secondarily recruit macrophages, NK-cells, CD8+ T-cells, facilitated by activated platelets to the liver. These secondarily recruited cells cause inflammatory liver injury. Continued presence of virus specific CD8+ T cells, results in chronic disease which may progress into fibrosis and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Events with up-regulated cytokines and chemokines, during the state of disease progression, as a result of HBV/HCV infection also leads to hepatic, nervous, vascular or renal disorders as well as deregulation of insulin signaling.