Treatment Control (H2O) Pb (100 μM in H2O) p-Value ↑↔↓ For 5 min         eNOS 9.61 ± 3.33 10.63 ± 4.33 0.062 ↔ peNOS116 10.71 ± 5.37 12.88 ± 5.90 0.019 ↑ peNOS495 11.45 ± 6.06 6.23 ± 2.70 <0.001 ↓ peNOS1177 36.53 ± 9.997 43.15 ± 12.52 <0.001 ↑ ERK 12.50 ± 5.13 11.47 ± 5.80 0.350 ↔ pERK 8.03 ± 3.41 8.97 ± 4.16 0.082 ↔ AKT 20.13 ±5.45 21.17 ± 4,67 0.299 ↔ pAKT 4.79 ± 2.45 5,99 ± 2,7 0.043 ↑ pJNK 18.43 ± 7.62 13.38 ± 5.93 0.00036 ↓ phospho-p38 10.60 ± 3.94 7.25 ± 3.02 <0.0001 ↓ For 6 h         activated Caspase-3 6.29 ± 3.73 16.1 ± 6.49 <0.001 ↑ c-PARP (85 kDa) 9.69 ± 4.79 12.45 ± 3,311 <0.001 ↑ iNOS 9.24 ± 4.52 7,067 ± 3,51 <0.001 ↓ 8-isoprostane 7.93 ± 2.42 12.53 ± 5.34 <0.001 ↑ 3-nitrotyrosine 13.62 ± 4.13 15.01 ± 6.13 <0.05 ↑

Table 1: Overview of results after treatment with Pb, studies on Pb exposure (100 μM) on phosphorylation and apoptosis signaling cascade in HaCaT's using immunocytochemistry. The experiments were performed thrice with the antibody. In each series, the gray value of at least n=100 cells per group were measured. Shown are the means (given as mean ± standard deviation (SD)) as densitometric units (DU) for control vs. Pb. Statistical differences were considered to be significant for values of p<0.05.