| Nanoparticle Type |
Source |
Potential Risks Involved |
References |
| Silver nanoparticles |
Mining activities, industrial activities, incineration of biomedical wastes |
Oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis of cells, altered cell signaling. |
[53-55] |
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles |
Produced as pigments used in paints, coatings, plastics, inks, foods, cosmetic products, pills etc. |
Oxidative stress, retarded cell growth |
[56-58] |
| Carbon based nanoparticles: fullerenes, carbon black and carbon nanotubes |
Byproducts of poly aromatic hydrocarbons formation, celestial activities, natural and anthropogenic sources |
Retarded cell growth, decreased cell viability, oxidative stress and apoptosis |
[59-61] |
| Molybdenum, iron oxide, aluminium Oxide and cerium oxide and Silicon based nanoparticles |
Automobile fuels, mining and metallurgical operations, research activities, dust storms etc. |
Oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, hemolysis and cell death |
[62-66] |
| Polymeric nanoparticles |
Biomedical applications, conjugated assay research |
Oxidative Stress, inflammation, alteration in cellular morphology and functioning |
[67] |
| Heterogeneous nanostructures: quantum dots, nanodevices etc. |
Diagnostic assays, sensing materials, probes, advanced detecting methods |
Chromatin condensation, free radical formation, arrest of cell growth and sometimes even cell death |
[68,69] |
|
