| Author, year |
Country |
Type of study |
Cases |
Controls |
Type of infections |
Main results |
Limits |
| Evans, 2007 [4] |
USA |
Retrospective study |
Gram negative bacteria, resistant to at least one antibiotic class between aminglicosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems and quinolones |
Susceptible gram negative bacteria |
All kind of infection |
Increase of the length of hospitalisationamong cases compared to controls (29 versus13 days); increase of total hospital cost among cases compared to controls ($80,500 versus$29,604) |
Single centre; analysis not stratified according to the type of infection and bacterial species. |
| Lautenbach, 2009 [5] |
USA |
Retrospective study |
Imipenem resistant A. baumannii |
Imipenem susceptibleA.baumannii |
All kind of infection |
No difference of length of hospitalisation and costs between cases and controls |
Selection bias |
| Lautenbach, 2010 [6] |
USA |
Retrospective study |
Imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa |
Imipenem susceptibleP.aeruginosa |
All kind of infection |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (16 versus9 days); increase of total hospital cost among cases compared to controls ($251,495 versus$166,196) |
Selection bias |
| Lee, 2006 [7] |
USA |
Retrospective study |
ESBL positive E.coli e Klebsiella spp. |
ESBL negativeE.coli e Klebsiella spp. |
All kind of infection with the exclusion of urinary tract infections |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (mean difference 9.7 days, 95% CI 3.2-14.6); increase of mean total hospital cost per patient among cases compared to controls (16,450$, 95% IC $965-31,937) |
Small sample size; Analysis not adjusted for severity of illness and time at risk; analysis not stratified according to the type of infection and bacterial species |
| Lee, 2007 [8] |
Taiwan |
Retrospective study |
MDR A.baumannii(resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, anti-pseudomonas quinolones, aminoglicosides and cotrimoxazole, and sensitive to carbapenems) |
No MDR A. baumannii |
Bacteraemia |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (13.4 days); increase of mean total hospital cost among cases compared to controls ($3,758) |
Single centre |
| Mauldin, 2010 [9] |
USA |
Retrospective study |
Gram negative bacteria (Acinetobacterspp, Enterobacterspp, E. coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonasspp) resistant to at least one class of antibiotics between quinolones, piperacillin, carbapenems or cephalosporins |
Susceptible gram negative bacteria (Acinetobacterspp, Enterobacterspp, E. coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonasspp) |
All kind of infection |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (23.8%); increase of total hospital cost among cases compared to controls (29.3%) |
Analysis not adjusted for severity of illness and time at risk; analysis not stratified according to the type of infection and bacterial species |
| Ng, 2012 [10] |
Singapore |
Retrospective study |
MDR Gram negative bacteria (resistant to at least 3 classes of antibiotics) |
No MDR gram negative bacteria |
Bacteraemia |
increase of total hospital cost among cases compared to controls (45.7%, corresponding to 8,638 Singaporean $ per patient) |
Analysis not stratified according to the type of infection and bacterial species |
| Schwaber, 2006 [11] |
Israel |
Retrospective study |
ESBL positive E.coli, Klebsiellaspp e Proteus spp. |
ESBL negative E.coli, Klebsiellaspp e Proteus spp |
Bacteraemia |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (1.56 fold); increase of total hospital cost among cases compared to controls (1.57 fold corresponding to 13,417 shekels per patient) |
Single centre |
| Stewardson, 2013 [12] |
Switzerland |
Retrospective study and multi state model |
ESBL positive Enterobacteriaceae |
ESBL negative Enterobacteriaceae |
Bacteraemia |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (6.8 days); increase of total hospital cost among cases compared to controls (9,473 CHF per patient) |
Single centre |
| Tumbarello, 2010 [13] |
Italy |
Retrospective study |
ESBL positive E. coli |
ESBL negative E. coli |
Bacteraemia |
Increase of the length of hospitalisation among cases compared to controls (7 days); increase of total hospital cost per patient among cases compared to controls (EUR 5,026) |
Single centre |
