| QUEBRANTA |
Q-C-A-C*(n=6) |
Green Must (incomplete fermentation)(n=6) |
Industrial (n=8) |
Falca (n=3) |
| mg/L |
min |
max |
av |
min |
max |
av |
min |
max |
av |
min |
max |
av |
| Acetaldehyde a, b |
21.0 |
69.0 |
37.3 |
30.5 |
169 |
90.9 |
35.7 |
88.1 |
57.6 |
5.8 |
34.1 |
22.3 |
| Isobutanal |
1.5 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
1.4 |
3.2 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
4.5 |
2.5 |
1.3 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
| Methyl acetate |
2.9 |
5.4 |
4.2 |
3.3 |
6.9 |
5.3 |
3.4 |
7.6 |
5.3 |
3.6 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
| Ethyl acetate |
33.1 |
116 |
63.8 |
54.7 |
129 |
82.4 |
79.2 |
618 |
218 |
2.6 |
95.1 |
63.3 |
| Propanol |
19.7 |
52.2 |
34.5 |
26.1 |
77.6 |
43.1 |
31.0 |
163 |
66.2 |
22.4 |
57.8 |
42.6 |
| Isobutanol |
89.4 |
206 |
136 |
39.3 |
204 |
133 |
25.8 |
188 |
83.7 |
93.3 |
211 |
159 |
| 1-Butanol |
2.1 |
8.2 |
4.2 |
2.7 |
7.8 |
4.1 |
1.9 |
5.8 |
3.9 |
7.5 |
65.7 |
31.2 |
| 2-Methyl-1-butanol b |
71.7 |
121 |
104 |
48.7 |
127 |
102 |
34.5 |
120 |
66.1 |
70.6 |
132 |
110 |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanolb |
328 |
598 |
497 |
207 |
658 |
516 |
132 |
556 |
326 |
378 |
619 |
533 |
| 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone |
9.8 |
12.3 |
11.2 |
10.3 |
16.1 |
12.5 |
10.8 |
31.7 |
14.6 |
10.0 |
11.5 |
10.8 |
| Ethyl lactate |
11.2 |
41.8 |
24.1 |
11.1 |
36.4 |
22.2 |
10.6 |
343 |
72.8 |
22.4 |
33.4 |
27.8 |
| 1-Hexanol |
1.7 |
3.9 |
2.4 |
1.7 |
5.2 |
3.5 |
1.3 |
3.4 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
4.7 |
3.4 |
| Ethyl octanoate |
0.5 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
3.9 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
5.6 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
| Furfural |
1.3 |
5.1 |
3.5 |
1.6 |
6.9 |
3.6 |
1.5 |
24.4 |
8.8 |
1.2 |
3.7 |
2.4 |
| Acetic acid |
15.6 |
124 |
84.1 |
39.7 |
141 |
93.3 |
38.6 |
319 |
139 |
89.1 |
173 |
140 |
| 2,3-Butanediol |
11.7 |
32.2 |
22.1 |
14.4 |
22.3 |
19.1 |
10.5 |
31.7 |
21.9 |
10.7 |
23.5 |
18.8 |
| Diethyl succinate |
0.6 |
2.9 |
2.1 |
0.5 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
4.3 |
2.1 |
0.9 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
| β-Phenylethanol b |
16.6 |
48.8 |
37.5 |
6.4 |
53.1 |
33.8 |
5.2 |
37.8 |
17.2 |
26.3 |
48.3 |
39.0 |
| µg/L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Isobutyl acetate |
117 |
281 |
171 |
103 |
316 |
209 |
72.1 |
407 |
227 |
19.4 |
187 |
95.0 |
| Ethyl butyrate b |
89.3 |
206 |
147 |
110 |
460 |
203 |
65.6 |
588 |
343 |
135 |
380 |
255 |
| Butyl acetate a ,b, c |
0.8 |
5.7 |
2.0 |
3.6 |
18.8 |
9.5 |
6.7 |
31.3 |
15.6 |
11.9 |
13.1 |
12.4 |
| Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate |
8.9 |
126 |
54.0 |
8.8 |
84.4 |
39.6 |
14.2 |
248 |
71.0 |
8.5 |
34.5 |
20.5 |
| Ethyl isovalerate |
19.5 |
252 |
102 |
24.9 |
199 |
93.6 |
52.7 |
524 |
169 |
22.1 |
69.1 |
41.2 |
| Isoamyl acetate |
176 |
1593 |
502 |
447 |
2300 |
973 |
142 |
3422 |
918 |
29.6 |
388 |
199 |
| Ethyl hexanoate a |
69.9 |
142 |
100 |
113 |
179 |
137 |
78.3 |
244 |
157 |
11.5 |
230 |
94.0 |
| t-Limonene oxide |
1.9 |
7.8 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
29.0 |
11.6 |
1.2 |
61.3 |
14.9 |
2.4 |
154 |
67.2 |
| c-3-Hexenol |
49.8 |
177 |
105 |
82.7 |
412 |
155 |
59.7 |
556 |
209 |
108 |
397 |
230 |
| c-Linalool oxide |
33.4 |
185 |
82.8 |
49.5 |
574 |
221 |
18.1 |
2387 |
462 |
78.1 |
759 |
305 |
| t-Linalool oxide |
22.5 |
119 |
56.9 |
30.6 |
318 |
137 |
12.6 |
1347 |
249 |
33.1 |
737 |
273 |
| α-Terpinolene c |
1.5 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
39.6 |
15.4 |
2.6 |
79.1 |
15.9 |
4.5 |
21.1 |
13.5 |
| Benzaldehyde |
40.2 |
102 |
74.1 |
51.5 |
262 |
124 |
66.8 |
556 |
201 |
55.7 |
159 |
110 |
| Linalool |
99.2 |
548 |
272 |
90.8 |
2198 |
832 |
47.2 |
5562 |
810 |
193 |
425 |
286 |
| Ethyl furoate |
18.2 |
35.7 |
26.1 |
13.3 |
56.6 |
34.5 |
21.2 |
128 |
53.3 |
10.3 |
32.9 |
23.5 |
| Phenylacetaldehyde b |
1.8 |
5.8 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
13.1 |
7.2 |
6.3 |
16.5 |
10.5 |
2.4 |
106 |
44.0 |
| Ethyl decanoate |
660 |
1612 |
1099 |
518 |
11541 |
3495 |
81.8 |
9800 |
1957 |
37.6 |
2487 |
888 |
| α-Terpineol |
41.0 |
211 |
107 |
38.1 |
1072 |
324 |
17.7 |
4539 |
692 |
52.2 |
262 |
136 |
| Neryl acetate b, c |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
3.3 |
2.2 |
<0.2 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
| β-Citronellol |
29.6 |
62.3 |
43.3 |
22.9 |
313 |
129 |
9.4 |
662 |
106 |
45.8 |
110 |
71.6 |
| Nerol |
14.5 |
71.1 |
37.2 |
26.1 |
256 |
107 |
9.8 |
837 |
123 |
39.5 |
71.2 |
51.3 |
| β-Damascenone a |
6.1 |
31.9 |
20.6 |
38.7 |
90.5 |
63.0 |
8.8 |
66.2 |
28.9 |
16.9 |
58.9 |
32.5 |
| β-Phenylethyl acetate |
603 |
5885 |
2711 |
1059 |
9865 |
4311 |
120 |
1948 |
881 |
917 |
3743 |
2350 |
| Geraniol |
24.1 |
82.2 |
51.6 |
31.4 |
486 |
186 |
14.7 |
1108 |
158 |
43.3 |
100 |
66.6 |
| Guaiacol b |
8.5 |
15.2 |
12.5 |
0.1 |
54.4 |
15.1 |
<0.1 |
2.5 |
0.5b |
7.9 |
18.5 |
12.6 |
| Benzyl alcohol |
303 |
932 |
456 |
150 |
525 |
319 |
106 |
2514 |
628 |
385 |
4054 |
1664 |
| Ethyl dihydrocinnamate c |
1.1 |
4.0 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
19.7 |
6.4 |
1.0 |
12.7 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
41.1 |
22.1 |
| c-Whiskylactone |
|
<0.5 |
|
<0.5 |
7.2 |
1.6 |
<0.5 |
15.5 |
5.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
| o-Cresol c |
4.7 |
6.4 |
5.5 |
3.0 |
13.6 |
6.1 |
2.6 |
9.8 |
6.1 |
8.1 |
20.4 |
12.5 |
| γ-Nonalactone a |
18.1 |
44.2 |
29.0 |
30.1 |
98.9 |
55.5 |
9.5 |
110 |
48.2 |
32.0 |
121 |
64.0 |
| 4-Ethylguaiacol |
3.2 |
35.1 |
14.4 |
3.7 |
309 |
57.9 |
<0.1 |
23.3 |
5.6 |
3.5 |
26.8 |
11.7 |
| m-Cresol b |
2.3 |
5.3 |
4.0 |
0.1 |
5.3 |
3.2 |
<0.1 |
5.0 |
2.3 |
4.3 |
10.7 |
7.0 |
| 4-Propylguaiacol |
0.1 |
0.8 |
0.3 |
<0.02 |
1.5 |
0.4 |
<0.02 |
0.7 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
3.4 |
1.5 |
| Ethyl cinnamate b |
0.4 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
54.7 |
10.4 |
0.8 |
4.5 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
16.5 |
6.3 |
| γ-Decalactone |
2.0 |
6.3 |
3.9 |
2.5 |
6.0 |
4.6 |
1.5 |
8.3 |
3.9 |
2.2 |
4.2 |
3.5 |
| 4-Ethylphenol |
5.2 |
48.6 |
21.1 |
8.9 |
207 |
71.9 |
0.2 |
261 |
80.1 |
10.6 |
39.4 |
22.9 |
| δ-Decalactone c |
|
<0.1 |
|
<0.1 |
10.5 |
2.4 |
<0.1 |
6.2 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
| 4-Vinylguaiacol |
3.3 |
21.0 |
9.1 |
4.0 |
32.7 |
11.6 |
0.3 |
22.3 |
8.0 |
1.6 |
4.5 |
3.4 |
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol |
|
<0.1 |
|
|
<0.1 |
|
|
<0.1 |
|
|
<0.1 |
|
| Farnesol b |
242 |
1015 |
473 |
405 |
912 |
623 |
15.8 |
188 |
63.1 |
121 |
356 |
277 |
| 4-Vinylphenol b, c |
437 |
777 |
552 |
65.4 |
1320 |
520 |
18.6 |
291 |
108 |
32.5 |
97.2 |
67.8 |
| Vanilline b |
0.5 |
2.4 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
5.0 |
2.4 |
<0.03 |
1.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
8.2 |
3.1 |
| Methyl vanillate |
|
<0.04 |
|
<0.04 |
2.0 |
0.4 |
|
<0.04 |
|
<0.04 |
121 |
40.7 |
| Ethyl vanillate |
0.3 |
1.4 |
0.9 |
<0.05 |
9.7 |
4.1 |
|
<0.05b |
|
<0.05 |
92.0 |
31.4 |
| Acetovanillone |
|
<0.03 |
|
|
<0.03 |
|
<0.03 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
|
<0.03 |
|
| Syringaldehyde |
|
<0.02 |
|
|
<0.02 |
|
|
<0.02 |
|
<0.02 |
64.2 |
21.4 |
* pisco samples of Quebranta variety produced by complete fermentation of must, distilled in alembic, and produced on an artisan scale.
a Statistically significant differences measured by ANOVA at p < 0.05 according to fermentation process, b scale of the process, and c distillation instrument.
av: average concentration, min: minimum concentration, max: maximum concentration, n: number of samples analysed.
The identification of all these compounds was based on the coincidence of gas chromatographic retention index in DB-WAX column and mass spectrum with those pure compounds. |
