| ITALIA |
I-C-A-C*(n=9) |
Green Must(incomplete fermentation)(n=7) |
Industrial(n=5) |
Falca(n=7) |
| mg/L |
min |
max |
av |
min |
max |
av |
min |
max |
av |
min |
max |
av |
| Acetaldehyde |
12.1 |
90.5 |
41.1 |
32.1 |
618 |
157 |
20.2 |
59.4 |
47.1 |
17.4 |
280 |
57.7 |
| Isobutanal |
1.5 |
3.1 |
2.1 |
1.5 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
3.8 |
2.8 |
1.7 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
| Methyl acetate c |
3.4 |
5.7 |
4.2 |
3.6 |
5.6 |
4.2 |
3.5 |
10.5 |
5.7 |
4.4 |
7.0 |
6.1 |
| Ethyl acetate |
76.1 |
455 |
235 |
49.0 |
260 |
141 |
66.8 |
172 |
121 |
67.0 |
547 |
162 |
| Propanol |
43.4 |
108 |
64.1 |
36.7 |
153 |
83.5 |
50.5 |
194 |
94.9 |
37.9 |
80.9 |
47.2 |
| Isobutanol |
63.1 |
235 |
139 |
68.3 |
152 |
106 |
27.7 |
138 |
91.8 |
99.4 |
172 |
117 |
| 1-Butanol |
2.0 |
59.8 |
10.2 |
1.9 |
17.6 |
5.9 |
2.7 |
4.4 |
3.6 |
4.6 |
70.2 |
15.7 |
| 2-Methyl-1-butanol |
38.6 |
87.8 |
63.7 |
44.0 |
92.6 |
61.6 |
33.9 |
79.2 |
60.6 |
59.8 |
74.4 |
65.4 |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanol |
182 |
434 |
301 |
218 |
565 |
345 |
220 |
390 |
292 |
298 |
371 |
330 |
| 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone |
9.7 |
40.0 |
21.4 |
9.9 |
45.2 |
18.1 |
10.3 |
22.5 |
13.0 |
9.7 |
15.7 |
11.2 |
| Ethyl lactate |
22.4 |
72.9 |
44.5 |
11.0 |
67.7 |
32.1 |
12.8 |
355 |
125 |
32.5 |
91.9 |
47.4 |
| 1-Hexanol |
1.9 |
7.3 |
3.5 |
1.1 |
9.6 |
3.5 |
1.1 |
3.4 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
4.5 |
2.8 |
| Ethyl octanoate |
0.3 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
3.1 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
2.4 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
| Furfural |
1.4 |
9.2 |
5.3 |
0.6 |
16.0 |
6.4 |
4.4 |
38.7 |
14.4 |
0.7 |
7.1 |
4.7 |
| Acetic acid |
102 |
512 |
206 |
8.0 |
338 |
148 |
7.7 |
180 |
81.3 |
30.4 |
316 |
145 |
| 2,3-Butanediol a,c |
17.3 |
32.9 |
26.4 |
6.5 |
23.7 |
15.1 |
13.1 |
28.5 |
19.3 |
15.1 |
20.2 |
17.2 |
| Diethyl succinate |
0.7 |
4.4 |
1.4 |
0.5 |
1.9 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
| β-Phenylethanol |
8.0 |
30.9 |
17.9 |
6.4 |
26.2 |
14.0 |
6.8 |
26.9 |
13.0 |
13.6 |
28.9 |
22.5 |
| µg/L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Isobutyl acetate |
125 |
920 |
304 |
112 |
457 |
189 |
98.2 |
247 |
156 |
121 |
979 |
268 |
| Ethyl butyrate |
62.2 |
1141 |
244 |
56.7 |
391 |
139 |
121 |
427 |
217 |
152 |
2681 |
563 |
| Butyl acetate |
9.1 |
78.1 |
20.6 |
<0.8 |
12.5 |
7.8 |
6.4 |
27.2 |
12.7 |
8.5 |
204 |
38.7 |
| Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate |
8.0 |
58.4 |
25.5 |
5.4 |
53.4 |
18.4 |
9.4 |
76.1 |
28.7 |
6.3 |
329 |
79.5 |
| Ethyl isovalerate |
21.5 |
168 |
68.6 |
15.1 |
82.7 |
43.8 |
37.7 |
187 |
80.9 |
17.3 |
716 |
183 |
| Isoamyl acetate |
170 |
535 |
315 |
164 |
1727 |
579 |
84.5 |
2770 |
789 |
154 |
589 |
329 |
| Ethyl hexanoate |
48.9 |
140 |
83.6 |
76.7 |
135 |
103 |
68.0 |
202 |
127 |
58.1 |
154 |
102 |
| t-Limonene oxide c |
44.6 |
113 |
71.6 |
30.0 |
101 |
62.2 |
40.9 |
272 |
120 |
73.9 |
118 |
106 |
| c-3-Hexenol |
288 |
1499 |
845 |
78.9 |
935 |
477 |
342 |
928 |
543 |
451 |
946 |
684 |
| c-Linalool oxide c |
1115 |
2492 |
1701 |
754 |
2112 |
1489 |
1127 |
3329 |
2111 |
1842 |
2449 |
2245 |
| t-Linalool oxide c |
548 |
1105 |
758 |
442 |
1742 |
797 |
446 |
880 |
665 |
935 |
1354 |
1129 |
| α-Terpinolene |
44.3 |
293 |
122 |
51.9 |
209 |
119 |
35.7 |
69.0 |
54.1 |
39.1 |
220 |
109 |
| Benzaldehyde |
29.3 |
543 |
186 |
51.3 |
205 |
122 |
139 |
809 |
418 |
102 |
257 |
148 |
| Linalool |
3766 |
8780 |
5851 |
3086 |
14965 |
8425 |
3078 |
6852 |
4899 |
4502 |
8047 |
5816 |
| Ethyl furoate |
10.6 |
39.3 |
24.8 |
11.0 |
46.9 |
24.0 |
18.8 |
61.8 |
41.4 |
12.4 |
46.9 |
34.3 |
| Phenylacetaldehyde a |
2.1 |
10.1 |
4.9 |
1.4 |
3.5 |
2.5 |
1.6 |
7.1 |
4.2 |
3.3 |
8.3 |
5.0 |
| Ethyl decanoate |
252 |
1274 |
510 |
222 |
9473 |
2062 |
69.8 |
2070 |
629 |
250 |
1254 |
654 |
| α-Terpineol |
2312 |
5597 |
3814 |
1695 |
5727 |
3710 |
2428 |
6803 |
4660 |
3117 |
5301 |
4086 |
| Neryl acetate |
|
<0.2 |
|
<0.2 |
3.8 |
1.1 |
<0.2 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
<0.2 |
1.6 |
0.5 |
| β-Citronellol |
383 |
1307 |
821 |
196 |
1212 |
770 |
132 |
828 |
551 |
490 |
1188 |
733 |
| Nerol a |
282 |
1227 |
804 |
425 |
2050 |
1324 |
253 |
1222 |
639 |
623 |
1227 |
788 |
| β-Damascenone |
60.2 |
90.8 |
76.1 |
55.4 |
368 |
138 |
43.9 |
119 |
85.8 |
31.8 |
143 |
101 |
| β-Phenylethyl acetate |
250 |
3262 |
982 |
341 |
2157 |
1143 |
121 |
1768 |
790 |
80.4 |
4137 |
1456 |
| Geraniol |
554 |
2053 |
1424 |
737 |
3922 |
2276 |
402 |
2249 |
1096 |
1041 |
2461 |
1413 |
| Guaiacol b,c |
3.0 |
7.6 |
5.0 |
2.4 |
11.2 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
9.2 |
7.5 |
5.1 |
17.2 |
11.6 |
| Benzyl alcohol |
139 |
856 |
355 |
78.5 |
398 |
254 |
44.0 |
1394 |
580 |
188 |
846 |
581 |
| Ethyl dihydrocinnamate b |
0.1 |
8.6 |
2.7 |
<0.1 |
18.8 |
6.0 |
1.9 |
18.5 |
9.2 |
1.7 |
62.0 |
11.0 |
| c-Whiskylactone |
5.9 |
13.3 |
8.0 |
<0.5 |
17.8 |
7.8 |
<0.5 |
11.6 |
5.2 |
<0.5 |
20.1 |
9.7 |
| o-Cresol c |
3.0 |
6.9 |
4.7 |
2.7 |
10.9 |
5.9 |
3.4 |
10.2 |
6.8 |
4.7 |
16.2 |
8.4 |
| γ-Nonalactone |
18.5 |
536 |
126 |
15.6 |
160 |
96.6 |
53.9 |
182 |
106 |
50.6 |
67.9 |
58.5 |
| 4-Ethylguaiacol |
1.5 |
486 |
65.4 |
<0.1 |
192 |
36.2 |
<0.1 |
97.5 |
47.7 |
5.6 |
97.3 |
52.5 |
| m-Cresol c |
<0.1 |
4.1 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
4.0 |
2.3 |
<0.1 |
5.7 |
3.3 |
3.8 |
10.6 |
5.9 |
| 4-Propylguaiacol |
<0.02 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
<0.02 |
1.0 |
0.2 |
<0.02 |
1.6 |
0.5 |
<0.02 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
| Ethyl cinnamate a,b |
<0.1 |
3.7 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
9.2 |
3.5 |
<0.1 |
7.1 |
4.0 |
<0.1 |
3.1 |
2.1 |
| γ-Decalactone |
1.6 |
25.7 |
7.9 |
1.5 |
16.3 |
6.9 |
5.2 |
10.7 |
7.7 |
3.4 |
7.4 |
5.0 |
| 4-Ethylphenol |
2.0 |
317 |
47.1 |
<0.2 |
1913 |
361 |
0.2 |
470 |
184 |
11.6 |
404 |
70.1 |
| δ-Decalactone c |
<0.1 |
15.9 |
5.6 |
3.3 |
9.9 |
6.2 |
5.4 |
31.3 |
15.6 |
6.2 |
21.2 |
12.6 |
| 4-Vinylguaiacol |
2.7 |
62.0 |
12.7 |
12.6 |
50.3 |
29.2 |
0.3 |
50.5 |
15.9 |
0.3 |
51.2 |
23.1 |
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol |
|
<0.1 |
|
|
<0.1 |
|
|
<0.1 |
|
|
<0.1 |
|
| Farnesol a |
90.9 |
375 |
259 |
140 |
743 |
457 |
13.1 |
489 |
138 |
101 |
619 |
295 |
| 4-Vinylphenol |
32.7 |
272 |
117 |
51.1 |
747 |
305 |
95.1 |
306 |
195 |
19.2 |
1354 |
308 |
| Vanilline |
0.3 |
3.4 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
7.4 |
2.4 |
0.6 |
12.6 |
3.7 |
<0.03 |
4.4 |
2.2 |
| Methyl vanillate |
|
<0.04 |
|
|
<0.04 |
|
|
<0.04 |
|
|
<0.04 |
|
| Ethyl vanillate |
|
<0.05 |
|
<0.05 |
4.1 |
1.1 |
<0.05 |
10.6 |
3.0 |
|
<0.05 |
|
| Acetovanillone a |
|
<0.03 |
|
<0.03 |
1.00 |
0.42 |
<0.03 |
1.2 |
0.4 |
|
<0.03 |
|
| Syringaldehyde |
|
<0.02 |
|
|
<0.02 |
|
|
<0.02 |
|
|
<0.02 |
|
* pisco samples of Quebranta variety produced by complete fermentation of must, distilled in alembic, and produced on an artisan scale.
a Statistically significant differences measured by ANOVA at p < 0.05 according to fermentation process, b scale of the process, and c distillation instrument.
av: average concentration, min: minimum concentration, max: maximum concentration, n: number of samples analysed.
The identification of all these compounds was based on the coincidence of gas chromatographic retention index in DB-WAX column and mass spectrum with those pure compounds. |
