| Method |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Ref |
Comments |
| Second-generation sequencing techniques |
| 454 sequencing |
Generates long read lengths and relatively fast run times of the instrument |
Poor interpretation of homopolymers leading to errors |
[49] |
First introduced NGS technique |
| Illumina (Solexa) Genome Analyzer |
Short read length approach and is the most widely used analyzer |
Aberrant incorporation of incorrect dNTPs by polymerases |
[50] |
Low multiplexing ability |
| HiSeq 2000 (Illumina, CA, USA) |
Requires less sample < 1 µg |
75 (35-100) bp read lengths. More false positives |
[11] |
Addition of fluorescent-labeled nucleotides |
| ABI SOLiD system |
Reduction in error rates relative to Illumina NGS system |
Have long run times and need for 2-20 µg DNA |
[16] |
Driven by DNA ligase than polymerase |
| Polonator G.007 |
Decode the base by single-base probe in nonamers |
In adequate coverage, false-positive SNP selection rate |
[18] |
Ligation based sequencer |
| Ion Torrent Sequencing |
First platform to eliminate cost and complexity with 4-color optical detection used by other NGS platforms |
High accuracy and short run time |
[27] |
Non-optical DNA sequencing |
| SLAF-seq |
De novo SNP discovery with reduced cost and high accuracy |
Needs complex instrument |
[20] |
Double barcode system ensures simultaneous genotyping of large populations |
| Third-generation sequencing techniques |
| PacBio RS (Pacific Biosciences, CA, USA) |
No amplification of template DNA required, real-time monitoring of nucleotide incorporation, |
High error rates and low reads |
[25] |
Generates long-read lengths 800-1000 bp |
| HeliscopeTM Sequencer |
Nonbiased DNA sequence |
High NTP incorporation error rates |
[51] |
Single molecule sequencing |
| Fourth-generation techniques |
| Oxford Nanopore |
Fastest sequencer whole-genome scan within 15 min |
Not much data available, high cost per Mb |
[32] |
Expanding technique |