| System design |
Detection strategy |
LOD |
Target |
Ref. |
| Glass microchip; Y-shapes channels with a dam structure for bead retention; Peltier temperature controller to control the temperature |
Fluorescence and phase-contrast images |
88 ng |
Salmonella enterica sequences |
[34] |
| PMMA microchip; on-chip detection by using a polymer separation matrix and fluorescence dye |
Electrophoretic |
25 ng |
Bacterial genomic DNA |
[151, 152] |
| Ten-chamber microfluidic chip; fluidically-isolatable chambers (up to 2000 cells); |
Fluorescence image; flow cytometry |
Not specified |
miR155 and CD69 |
[153] |
| Droplet-based microfluidic device (PDMS) |
Visual fluorescence |
< 10 molecules/cell |
EpCAM surface tumor markers |
[154] |
| Microfluidic device to capture and isolate cells using a 3D DNA network comprising repeating adhesive aptamer domains that extend over 10 µm into the solution |
Fluorescence image |
Not specified |
Minimal residual disease (MRD) |
[155] |
| DNA polymer brush arrays; fabricated on glass coverslips using a destructive micropatterning technique and solid-phase RCA; additional microfluidic device with temperature control |
Fluorescence image; gel electrophoresis; atomic force microscopy |
Not specified |
Not specified |
[156] |
| Flow focusing droplet generator and a droptrap; channel height: 25 µm |
Fluorescence image |
Few cells |
TopI, Flp, and Cre |
[157] |
| Droplet-based microfluidic system (PDMS) for generation spheroids and their separation |
Real-time fluorescence; cytotoxicity test |
Not specified |
HeLa; HEK293 |
[161] |
| Microarrays printed on streptavidin-coated glass microscope slides |
Laser scanning and image analysis |
≤ 150 molecules |
Not specified |
[163] |
