NCL Ligand NPs Drug/gene/dye delivered Application Ref
AS1411 aptamer PEG-PLGA PTX Cancer therapy Rat glioma (C6 cells) and ectopic xenorafts  [42]
Magnetic fluorescent m iR N A-221 molecular beacon probe Cancer theragnostics Rat glioma (C6 cells) and ectopic xenografts  [43]
Magnetic fluorescent 67 Ga-citrate Cancer imaging Rat glioma (C6 cells) and ectopics xenografts  [44]
Liposomes siBRAF Cancer therapy Human melanoma (A375 cells) and ectopic  [45]
Albumin PTX Cancer therapy Human Breast cancer (MCF -7 cells)  [46]
Liposomes DOX Cancer therapy Human Breast cancer (MCF -7 cells) and ectopic xenografts  [47]
Gold nanostars   Cancer therapy Human carcinoma (A-549, A498, MD A-MB-231, HeLa), sarcoma (HT-1080), melanoma (SK-MEL-2), glioblastoma (U-87MG)  [48]
Gold nanostars   Observation of NPs cancer cell nucleus interactions Human cervical cancer (HeLa cells)  [49]

F3 peptide

 Hydrogel DOX Cancer therapy Rat glioma (9L cells)  [50]
PEG-PLGA PTX Cancer therapy Rat glioma (C6 cells) and orthotopic xenograft  [51]
Polyacrylamide Methylene blue coomassie blue indocyanine green Cancer imaging Rat glioma (9L cells)  [52]
Liposomes DOX Cancer therapy Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) Human melanoma (MDA-MB-435S cells)  [53]
Liposomes DOX+C6-ceramide Cancer therapy Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 cells) Human melanoma (MDA-MB-435S cells)  [54]
Carbon nanotubes   Cancer near infrared light therapy Human breast cancer (MCF-7 cells) Human aortic endothelial cells (HAAE-1)  [55]
Liposomes siRNA GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) Cancer therapy Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MD A MB-435S cells) Human microvascular endothelial cell HMEC-1  [56]

N6L pseudo peptide

 Iron oxide magnetic NPs   Cancer therapy Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231cells) and ectopic xenografts  MS15
Iron oxide magnetic NPs DOXX Cancer therapy Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231cells) and ectopic xenografts  [57]
DNA GFP/Luciferase reporter gene Cancer therapy Human cervical cancer HeLa cells  [58]
DNA GFP/Luciferase reporter gene Study of NCL-DNA NPs complex fate Human cervical cancer HeLa cells  [59]
The table summarizes the different formulations of NPs functionalized with the anti-NCL ligands AS1411, F3 and N6L as well as non-functionalized NPs targeting NCL, with the different in vitro and in vivo models used for cancer therapy and diagnosis NPs studies.
Table 1: NPs targeting NCL for cancer therapy and diagnosis.