| Condition |
Non-injured controls (n=10) |
Concussed participants (n=4) |
Significance (one-tailed probability) |
| Baseline (RRT, s) |
0.85 (SD: 0.10) |
Participant 1: 0.89 |
t(9)=0.381, p=0.356 |
| Participant 2: 0.53** |
t(9)=-3.051, p=0.007 |
| Participant 3: 0.80 |
t(9)=-0.477, p=0.322 |
| Participant 4: 0.70 |
t(9)=-1.430, p=0.093 |
| VI+S (DTC, %) |
-15.6 (SD: 18.3) |
Participant 1: 28.4* |
t(9)=2.292, p=0.024 |
| Participant 2: 14.6 |
t(9)=1.573, p=0.075 |
| Participant 3: -6.7 |
t(9)=0.464, p=0.327 |
| Participant 4: -25.8 |
t(9)=-0.531, p=0.304 |
| VI+S+SH (DTC, %) |
-11.7 (SD: 11.8) |
Participant 1: 28.3** |
t(9)=3.232, p=0.005 |
| Participant 2: 13.7* |
t(9)=2.052, p=0.035 |
| Participant 3: 6.1 |
t(9)=1.438, p=0.092 |
| Participant 4: -19.5 |
t(9)=-0.630, p=0.272 |
| VI+S+OR (DTC, %) |
-13.1 (SD: 16.3) |
Participant 1: -8.3 |
t(9)=0.281, p=0.393 |
| Participant 2: 11.9 |
t(9)=1.462, p=0.089 |
| Participant 3: -9.0 |
t(9)=0.240, p=0.408 |
| Participant 4: -35.9 |
t(9)=-1.334, p=0.108 |
| VI+S+SH+OR (DTC, %) |
-6.4 (SD: 17.5) |
Participant 1: 35.9* |
t(9)=2.305, p=0.023 |
| Participant 2: 28.6* |
t(9)=1.907, p=0.045 |
| Participant 3: -4.8 |
t(9)=0.087, p=0.466 |
| Participant 4: -20.1 |
t(9)=-0.746, p=0.237 |
| VI+S+OL (DTC, %) |
-9.8 (SD: 18.0) |
Participant 1: -0.1 |
t(9)=0.514, p=0.310 |
| Participant 2: 19.6 |
t(9)=1.577, p=0.077 |
| Participant 3: -14.5 |
t(9)=-0.249, p=0.405 |
| Participant 4: -35.2 |
t(9)=-1.345, p=0.106 |
| VI+S+SH+OL (DTC, %) |
-11.4 (SD: 16.6) |
Participant 1: 17.6 |
t(9)=1.666, p=0.065 |
| Participant 2: 0.3 |
t(9)=0.672, p=0.259 |
| Participant 3: -1.9 |
t(9)=0.546, p=0.299 |
| Participant 4: -33.1 |
t(9)=-1.246, p=0.122 |
| Total (all conditions) (DTC, %) |
-10.9 (SD: 12.7) |
Participant 1: 13.4* |
t(9)=1.824, p=0.050 |
| Participant 2: 13.5* |
t(9)=1.823, p=0.050 |
| Participant 3: -4.6 |
t(9)=0.473, p=0.324 |
| Participant 4: -25.9 |
t(9)=-1.126, p=0.145 |
*Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05)
**Significant difference (p ≤ 0.01)
Abbreviations: VI: Visual Interference Task; S: Skating; SH: Stickhandling; OR: Obstacle Avoidance to the Right; OL: Obstacle Avoidance to the Left; SD: Standard
Deviation; RRT: Response Reaction Time; DTC: Dual Task Cost |
