Drug |
Mechanism of action |
Development phase |
References |
Fingolimod |
S1P receptor modulator |
Licensed for clinical practice (remyelinating effect unclear) |
Miron et al. [44]
Hu et al. [45] |
Dimethyl fumarate |
Unknown (probably involves upregulation of the transcription factor Nrf2) |
Licensed for clinical practice(remyelinating effect unclear) |
Fox et al. [51] |
Quetiapine |
Unknown (affinity for D2, 5-HT2A, H1 and 5-HT1A brain receptors) |
Licensed as an antipsychotic drug for clinical practice (remyelinating effect unclear) |
Mei et al. [53]
Zhang et al. [54] |
Alemtuzumab |
Anti-CD52 |
Awaiting regulatory approval (remyelinating effect unclear) |
Jones et al. [49] |
Laquinimod |
Unknown (probably involves BDNF secretion) |
Phase III (NCT01707992) |
Aharoni et al. [59]
Comi et al. [60] |
BIIB033 |
Blockage of LINGO-1 |
Phase II (NCT01864148) |
Mi et al. [28] |
rHIgM22 |
Unknown (probably involves the Src family kinase Lyn and PDGFRα signaling) |
Phase I (NCT01803867) |
Watzlawik et al. [30]
Watzlawik et al. [31] |
9-cis-retinoic acid |
Retinoid X receptor agonist |
Pre-clinical |
Huang et al. [39] |