| |
Control (n=56) |
MCI (n=75) |
AD (n=111) |
p value |
Multiple comparison
(p < .05) |
| Age (years) |
66.46±6.59 |
70.01±8.09 |
75.63±5.84 |
<0.001 |
AD vs. MCI vs. Control |
| Sex (male:female) |
17:39 |
22:53 |
27:84 |
0.633 |
|
| Education (years) |
10.19±4.12 |
6.55±4.60 |
4.95±4.76 |
<0.001 |
AD vs. MCI, Control |
| K-MMSE |
28.07±1.53 |
22.89±3.38 |
15.83±5.23 |
<0.001† |
AD vs. MCI vs. Control |
| CDR |
0.13±0.22 (0~0.5) |
0.48±0.10 (0~0.5) |
1.25±0.84 (0.5~3) |
<0.001† |
AD vs. MCI vs. Control |
| SOB |
0.28±0.41 (0~1.5) |
1.75±0.93 (0.5~5) |
7.02±4.69 (0.5~18) |
<0.001† |
AD vs. MCI, Control |
| HIS |
1.50±1.31 (0~4) |
1.92±1.73 (0~7) |
2.51±2.24 (0~10) |
0.294 |
|
| BMI |
23.30±2.68 |
23.53±2.92 |
22.98±3.27 |
0.471 |
|
| History of |
|
|
|
|
|
| Hypertension |
24 (42.86%) |
40 (53.33%) |
64 (57.66%) |
0.331 |
|
| Diabetes mellitus |
9 (16.07%) |
17 (22.67%) |
32 (28.83%) |
0.292 |
|
| Hyperlipidemia |
9 (16.07%) |
10 (13.33%) |
18 (16.22%) |
0.842 |
|
| Ischemic heart disease |
5 (8.93%) |
7 (9.33%) |
10 (9.01%) |
0.988 |
|
| Stroke |
1 (1.79%) |
5 (6.67%) |
12 (10.81%) |
0.138 |
|
| Smoking |
3 (5.36%) |
5 (6.67%) |
10 (9.01%) |
0.761 |
|
| Intracerebral artery stenosis |
11 (19.64%) |
35 (46.67%) |
74 (66.67%) |
0.006 |
AD, MCI vs. Control |
| Rating of WMHs |
0.95±0.56 (0~2) |
1.11±0.72 (0~3) |
1.59±0.68 (0~3) |
0.001 |
AD vs. MCI, Control |
| PVHs |
1.18±0.86 (0~3) |
1.45±1.07 (0~3) |
2.08±0.89 (0~3) |
0.006 |
AD vs. MCI, Control |
| DWMHs |
0.73±0.62 (0~2) |
0.82±0.75 (0~3) |
1.36±0.89 (0~3) |
0.004 |
AD vs. MCI, Control |
| R_baPWV (sec/cm3) |
1667.70±422.97 |
1670.89±352.76 |
1891.98±447.25 |
0.248* |
|
| L_baPWV (sec/cm3) |
1676.38±377.53 |
1693.25±367.04 |
1896.21±437.83 |
0.367* |
|
| R_ABI |
1.14±0.06 |
1.13±0.10 |
1.08±0.10 |
0.010 |
AD vs. MCI, Control |
| L_ABI |
1.15±0.06 |
1.13±0.10 |
1.10±0.11 |
0.012 |
AD vs. Control |
|
| Table 2: Clinical characteristics of the subjects; Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (range) or number and percentage. Comparisons among three groups by using the analysis of covariance and chi-square test, where appropriate. Age and †education years were adjusted for the analyses. *Differences of baPWV values were significant before adjusting for age (all, p<0.001). MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; CDR, clinical dementia rating; SOB, sum of boxes; HIS, Hachinski ischemic scale; BMI, body mass index; PVHs, periventricular hyperintensities; DWMHs, deep white matter hyperintensities; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; ABI, ankle-brachial pressure index; R, right side; L, left side. |
