Cytokine Type of Progenitor Cell Experimental model used Role in proliferation Role in differentiation Role in survival Role in migration Notes Reference Pro-Inflammatory               IL-1β eNPC, rat in vitro decreased increased astrocyte lineage decreased no effect SAPK/JNK pathway [13]   aNPC, rat, SGZ in vitro decreased ND no effect ND Receptor subtype IL-1R1 [12]     in vivo decreased ND no effect ND         in vitro ND no effect ND ND   [14] IL-1α eNPC, mouse in vitro ND increased astrocyte lineage no effect ND   [17] IL-6 eNPC, mouse in vitro ND increased neurogenesis ND ND MAPK/CREB [22]         increased gliogenesis     STAT3                 H-IL-6 only     aNPC, human, SVZ & SGZ in vitro ND increased ND ND no effect on MHC expression [21]   pnNPC, mouse, SGZ in vivo decreased decreased decreased no effect   [20]   aNPC, rat, SGZ in vitro decreased decreased decreased ND   [14] TNF-α eNPC, rat in vitro decreased ND decreased ND   [31]   eNPC, rat in vitro ND increased decreased ND via activated microglia [32]   aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro no effect no effect decreased ND   [30]   aNPC, rats, SVZ in vitro increased no effect decrease ND NfκB [29]   aNPC, rat, SVZ in vivo increased ND no effect ND   [28]   pnNPC, rat, SVZ in vitro decreased no effect increased increased blocked IFN-γ [11]   aNPC, mouse, SGZ in vivo decreased (TNFRI) decreased (TNFR1) increased (TNFRII) ND differed based on receptor [27]   aNPC, rat, SGZ in vitro ND decreased ND ND   [14]   aNPC, human, SVZ & SGZ in vitro ND increased gliogenesis ND ND increased MHC expression [21] IL-18 eNPC, rat in vitro ND increased decreased ND   [32] IL-2 eNPC, rat in vitro ND ND no effect ND   [31]   pnNPC, rat in vitro ND increased no effect ND   [23] IFN-γ eNPC, rat in vitro decreased ND decreased ND   [39]   pnNPC, rat, SVZ in vitro decreased no effect decreased increased   [11]   aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro no effect increased ND ND via activated microglia [37]               low levels     aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro decreased increased no effect ND increased neurite branching [30]   aNPC, human, SVZ & SGZ in vitro ND increased ND ND increased MHC expression [21]   aNPC, rat, SGZ in vitro ND no effect ND ND   [14] Anti-inflammatory               IL-10 aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro ND ND ND increased upregulated chemokine receptors [45]   aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vivo ND increased neurogenesis increased ND   [42]         increased oligodendrogenesis         IL-4 aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro no effect increased oligodendrogenesis ND ND via activated microglia [37]   aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro ND ND ND increased upregulated chemokine receptors [45] TGF-β aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vivo decreased no effect increased ND   [51]     in vitro decreased no effect increased ND       aNPC, rat, SGZ in vivo decreased increased ND ND   [48]     in vitro decreased increased ND ND       aNPC, rat, SGZ in vitro decreased ND no effect ND   [47]   aNPC, mouse, SGZ in vivo decreased ND decreased ND       aNPC, mouse, SGZ in vivo decreased no effect increased ND   [51]   aNPC, mouse, SGZ in vivo increased increased increased ND   [52] Unclassified                 IL-15 pnNPC, rat in vitro no effect decreased no effect ND MAP-2/STAT-3 [56]   aNPC, mouse, SVZ in vitro increased decreased no effect ND   [57] IL-7 eNPC, human in vitro ND increased neurogenesis ND increased   [60]   aNPC, human     increased gliogenesis         IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; NPC, neural progenitor cell; SGZ, subgranular zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; ND, no data; eNPC, embryonic NPC; pnNPC, postnatal NPC; aNPC, adult NPC.

Table 1: Cytokine effects on NPC fate.