| Similarities between uremic compounds |
Examples of the most common compounds |
References |
| Chemical structure |
- Guanidine (α-keto-δ-guanidinovaleric acid, α-N-acetylarginine, ADMA, argininic acid, ß-guanidinopropionicacid, creatine, creatinine, γ-guanidinobutyric acid, guanidine, guanidyno acetic acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, SDMA and taurocyamine. |
3, 5, 12 |
| - Purine (cytidine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid) |
| - Pyrimidine (thymine, orotic acid, orotidine and uridine) |
| - Methyl amine (methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine) |
| - Phenyl (2-methoxyresorcinol, phenol, hydroquinone , p-cresol) |
| - Indole ( kinurenine, indole-3-acetate, kinurenic acid, melatonine, IS, quinolinic acid) |
| Association with the endothelial dysfunction |
- Manifestations of atherosclerosis( guanidine derivatives, AGEs, p-Cs, platelet diadenosine polyphosphates, IS, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, matrix metalloproteinases, (ADMA, AGEs, circulating endothelial microparticles) |
3, 9, 20 |
| - Loss of vessel wall compliance (ADMA, AGEs) |
| - Vascular calcification (inorganic phosphate, reactive oxygen species, tumor necrosis factor, leptin) |
| - Abnormalities of vascular repair (IS, some guanidinocompounds) |
| Connection with the biochemical processes |
- Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs): AGE peptides and “AGE-free adducts” (3-deoxyglucosone, fructoselysine, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, Nɛ -carboxymethyllysine (CML), Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL), pentosidine |
3, 10 |
| Organ origin |
- Chemical compounds produced by colon microbes : indole (IS, indoxyl glucuronide, 5-hydroxyindole, indole-3-propionic acid), phenyl compounds ( p-CS, p-cresol-glucuronide, phenyl sulphate, phenyl glucuronide, alfa-N-phenylacetyl-L-glutamine, phenylpropionylglycine, cinnamoylglycine, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate, hippuric acid) |
13, 14, 15, 30 |
| Association with the acute-phase processes |
- Compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasodilating properties, which in health can be filtered by the glomeruli (molecular weight <58 kD)( proinflammatory cytokines, α1-acid glycoprotein, neopterin, calcitonin) |
13, 23, 30, 31 |
| - Several acute phase proteins with large (>58 kD) molecules (CRP, α2-macroglobulin, fibrinogen, myeloperoxidase) which are directly or indirectly involved in inflammation |
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