Figure 2: CREM signaling in the testis. Proteins in red are the ones overexpressed while those in blue are underexpressed in spermatozoa from the ROS positive compared to ROS negative group. The color levels in the tubes reflect their expression levels (red-overexpressed and blue underexpressed). Abbreviation: B=Binding; Z=catalysis; T=transformation and TR=transcription regulation. The figure shows the generic enzymes (Adenylate cyclase, LDHC, ACE1, HXK2); Protein kinases (PKA-cat (cAMP –dependent and TSSK2); CREM activators and repressors; generic binding proteins (ACT, CPB and Tnp1 and PKA-reg (cAMP–dependent) and proteins (HILS1 and ODF1) involved in the CREM signaling in the testis. CREM=cAMP responsive element modulator; ACE=Angiotensin I converting isoform 1 precursor; ODF1=outer dense fiber of sperm tails 1; LDHC=L-lactate dehydrogenase C.