| Factor(s) & Author(s) |
Subjects & Investigation |
Outcome |
| Cancer |
Howard et al. [41] and Gierach et al. [42]
Other risks for women
Patel et al. [43] and Wijndaele [44] |
National Institute of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study
*488,720 men and women aged 50-71 years at baseline
*1995-1995 |
*High levels of TV and/or video watching = ↑ risk of:
(1) Colon cancer in men
(2) Endometrial cancer in women
*↑ risk of ovarian cancer
*↑ percent breast density
*↑ risk of colorectal cancer |
| Metabolic Health |
| Hu et al. [45] |
Nurses’ Health Study
*50,277 women not obese at baseline followed for 6-years
*Analysis adjusted for lifestyle factors, including (1) diet and (2) physical activity |
*↑ of 2 h/day in:
(1) TV viewing = 14% ↑ in
(2) sitting at work = 7% ↑ in
type 2 diabetes |
| Hu et al. [46] |
Health Professional’s Follow-up Study (HPPS)
*37,918 men |
*↑ of 2 h/day in TV viewing = 20% ↑ for type 2 diabetes |
| Healy et al. [10] and Healy et al. [47]
|
Australian Study
*Measured sedentary time, physical activity, and metabolic risk |
*↑ levels of sedentary time = ↑ in:
(1) Waist circumference
(2) Triglycerides
(3) 2h plasma glucose |
| Obesity |
| Hu et al. [45] |
Nurses’ Health Study as per above |
*↑ of 2 h/day in:
(1) TV viewing = 23% ↑ed
(2) sitting at work = 5% ↑ed risk of obesity |
| Brown et al. [48] |
Australian Study
*5-year study on determinants of gaining >5kg weight related to sitting duration |
*Significant higher risk of gaining ≥5kgs when sitting time was ≥8 h/day compared to sitting < 3 h/day |
| Psychosocial Health |
| Sanchez-Villegas et al. [49] |
Spanish University Study |
*31% ↑ed risk of a mental disorder in subjects spending > 42h/week watching TV compared to those watching TV <10.5h/week |
| McKercher et al. [50] |
Epidemiological study |
*Women accumulating ≥7,500 steps/day had 50% lower prevalence of depression when compared to women accumulating <5000 steps/day |
↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; h = hours; kg = kilograms