| Location of Injury |
Complication |
Findings |
Sources |
| Hip |
Osteoarthritis |
Common in women with highlmedium sports exposure. Javelin throwers. High jumpers. And runners show degenerative changes. |
23, 56, 88, 98 |
| Knee |
Osteoarthritis |
Common reason for pemianent disability due to sports injury. ACL injury other knee injuries- linked to an increased risk. High BMl- increased risk. Team sport athleteslsports that involve a high risk of knee injury report more pain. Disability. and
osteoarthritis. Soccer playersl weight lifters- increased risk. Risk does not increase below elite level or in
recreational. |
8, 17, 24, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 49, 54, 68, 79 |
| |
Jumper's Knee |
More knee pain after 15 yrs.
53% reported they had quit their sport due to their
pain (only 7% of controls). |
26 |
| |
Replacement |
Recreational exercisers have a lower incidence of
knee replacements than controls.
Former athletes have the highest rate of knee replacements. |
54 |
| Upper- extremity |
Rotator cuff tears |
Pemianent disability in baseball and tennis.
Labrum tears in overhead throwing sports.
Tears lruptures in javelin throwers (3 kg). |
5, 27, 41, 51, 57, 62, 103 |
| |
Degenerative changes |
Cartilage breakdown in elbow.
Osteophytes and sclerosis in javelin throwers. |
5, 41 |
| |
Tendon Injuries |
Hand, wrist |
78, 82, 86 |
| Ankle |
Osteoarthritis |
Long-term. high intensity training is associated with
Premature development. Found in long-distance runners and orienteers (more instability and degenerative changes). Elite voleybal Imptures of the lateral ligaments. severe mechanical instability.
subchondral sclerosis, osteophytes. |
15, 28, 39, 41, 55, 87
|
| |
Lateral Sprain |
Ankle instability: recurrence of sprains |
39, 41 |
| |
Inversion Trauma |
Long-term pain and disability |
39, 41 |
| Low-Back/ Spinal |
Osteophytes, Radiological abnormalities |
Abnormalities found in gymnastics. tennis. wrestling, and soccer (more than controls). Elite javelin throwers-radiological and clinical symptoms in the lumbar spine. Shot putters, discus throwers, and high jumpers- high prevalence of osteophytes. |
32, 41, 50, 85 |
| |
Disc |
Weight Iifting- associated with degeneration |
95 |
| |
Degeneration,
bulging |
Throughout lumbar spine. Soocer- degeneration in
the lower lumbar region. Bulging common in both. |
|
| Muscle/
Tendon |
Rupture or tear |
Rupture or tear of pectoralis major and rectus
femoris lead to long-term. permanent problems. |
41, 64 |
| |
Achilles injuries |
Most common injury to tendon in running sports.
Achilles overuse injury may cause future limitations.
Complete ruptures are found more often in athletes
who participate in sports involving explosive
acceleration or maximal effort. |
41, 60, 65, 77 |
| Fractures |
Stress fractures |
Female patients reported menstrual irregularities.
Runners with high weekly training mileage (117 km
average) were found to be at risk of recurrent stress
fractures of the lower extremities.
Baseball pitchers with high loads may be susceptible
to repeat stress fractures. |
3, 19, 30, 41, 72, 83, 91, 92 |
| |
Low-bone
Mass/ Osteoporosis risk |
High training volumes at high intensities may have adetrimental effect on bone density (men or women).
Highest risk for amenorrhelc athletes: bone loss
present regardless.
Weight-bearing activity may not compensate for
reduced estrogen levels. |
41, 46, 63, 69 |
| |
Malpositions/
immobility |
Disability and joint degeneration.
Immobilization and disuse of injured extremity leads
to a rapid loss in local bone mass.
Fracture in lower extremity- more prominent loss of
bone than after an injury of upper extremity.
Substantial reductions in bone mass at adjacent sites proximal and distal to fracture sites in extremities.
|
3, 12, 19, 41, 52 |
|
