Outcome variable Abbreviation (Unit) Calculation Peak power output POpeak (W) Highest power output increment completed Absolute peak oxygen uptake peak (l.min-1) Highest 30s-average oxygen uptake reached, following guidelines from Wasserman et al.[16]. Relative peak oxygen uptake peak (ml.min-1.kg-1) Peak oxygen uptake normalized to body mass. Gas exchange threshold GET (l.min-1) at the point of inflexion in the - relationship [15,17,18] Peak heart rate HRpeak (beats.min-1) Highest HR recorded during the incremental phase of the test

Table 2: Outcome variables from the arm-cranking exercise test and their method of calculation.