| # |
Author, year, location
(Type) |
Participants |
Measurement Outcomes |
Results |
| 1 |
Duffy et al., 2013 [26]
USA
(Cross sectional) |
N= 407
Age: 58.8±10.7years
Gender ratio: 87F, 320M
Race: 363 white, 33 African American, 11 African Indian/other
Cancer type: HNSCC (larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, sinus or unknown primary)
Cancer stage: 0-II: 83, III-IV: 324
Treatment: NR |
Smoking status
Alcohol problem (AUDIT)
BMI
Physical activity (PASE)
Sleep (MOS)
Interleukin 6 levels
Survey was given once in otolaryngology clinic waiting room |
(Only reporting on PA outcomes)
- Lower levels of PA associated with higher interleukin levels versus those with higher PA levels (p<0.001), but not significant after multivariate analysis
- Mean score for PA was 113
|
| 2 |
Duffy et al., 2009 [24]
USA
(Prospective cohort) |
N= 504
Age: 58.8±10.8years
Gender ratio: 110F, 394M
Race: 448 white, 56 non-white/Hispanic
Cancer type: HNSCC (larynx, Pharynx, oral cavity, sinus or unknown primary)
Cancer stage: 0-II: 104, III-IV: 400
Treatment: Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, or combination |
Smoking status
Alcohol problem (AUDIT)
Diet/Fruit intake (Willett food frequency questionnaire)
BMI
Physical activity (PASE)
Sleep (MOS)
Survival
Survey was given once in otolaryngology clinic waiting room, and resurveyed every 3 months for 2 years and annually each year after |
(Only reporting on PA outcomes)
- Univariate analysis showed PA significantly associated with survival and was approaching significant in multivariate analysis (HR= 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.00)
- Mean score for PA was 115
|
| 3 |
Rogers et al., 2009 [29]
USA
(Cross-sectional) |
N=90
Age: N=58 (65%) <65years
Gender ratio: 20F, 70M
Race or ethnicity: 84 white, 2 African-American, 2 Native American Indian
Cancer type: HNC (oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, oral, nasopharynx, nasal cavity/sinuses, salivary gland)
Cancer stage: I-II: 17, III-IV: 70
Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or combination |
Exercise counseling and program preferences
Quality of life (FACT-HN and FACT-G)
Symptom severity (FACT-HN)
Depression (CED-D)
Rural Residence
Survey was given once while 13 participants were on treatment and 77 were off treatment |
- Daily PA minutes, including mild + moderate + vigorous leisure PA, was 184±293 minutes
- Exercise counselling and program preferences: majority interest in exercise program was definitely (33%) or possibly (42%), and 51% definitely able to participate
- 66% reported lack of preference for counselling source and 17% preferred exercise specialist. 47% lack of preference for delivery channel and 40% preferred face to face. 49% preferred exercise outside 35% at home, and 50% preferred exercise alone. 55% preferred unsupervised exercise and 66% flexible scheduling. 47% preferred morning. 50% preferred moderate intensity and 52% had no preference to variability. 47% in summer and 44% in winter preferred walking. 25% preferred a general activity program with physical therapy and 56% preferred without physical therapy.
- No association with rural residence and counselling or program preference. No association between QOL, symptom index or depression and perceived ability, counselling delivery channel, location, supervision, structure, exercise intensity or variability.
|
| 4 |
Duffy et al., 2008 [23]
USA
(Prospective cohort) |
N= 283
Age: 59.4±11.1years
Gender ratio: 63F, 220M
Race: 241 white, 42 non-white/Hispanic
Cancer type: HNC (larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, sinus or unknown primary)
Cancer stage: 0-II: 59, III-IV: 224
Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, combination or none |
Smoking status
Alcohol problem (AUDIT)
Nutrition status/Fruit intake (Willett food frequency questionnaire)
BMI
Physical activity (PASE)
Sleep (MOS)
Survey was given at baseline and 1 year after diagnosis |
- Lower PA associated with lower SLEEP scores, older age, not married, moderate to severe comorbidities and oral cavity cancer both at baseline and 1 year post
- Lower PA associated with stage II and IV at baseline
- Lower PA associated with having a feeding tube at 1 year
|
| 5 |
Rogers et al., 2008 [27]
USA
(Cross-sectional) |
N=59
Age: 58±12.8y
Gender ratio: 10F, 49M
Race: 54 Caucasian, 3 African American, 2 Other
Cancer type: HNC (oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, nasopharynx, nasal cavity/sinuses, salivary gland and other)
Cancer stage: I-II: 16, III-IV: 43
Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or combo |
Physical Activity (Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire)
Social cognitive theory constructs
Perceived physical activity barriers
Physical activity enjoyment
Social support
Role model
Depression (CES-D)
Symptom index (FACT/NCCN)
Survey was given once, at a mean of 18.6±50.9 months since diagnosis. 51 participants not on treatment at time of survey |
- Participants were inactive (110.2±164.8 weekly minutes) which was a decrease from 383.7 weekly minutes pre-diagnosis
- Strongest correlations to PA were enjoyment (r=0.41, p=0.002), symptoms index (r=-0.36, p=0.006), alcohol use (r=0.36, p=0.007), task self-efficacy (r=0.33, p=0.013), perceived barriers (r-0.27, p=0.047) and comorbidity score (r= -0.27, p=0.042). Regression showed enjoyment (0.38, p=0.002) and symptom index (-0.33, p=0.006; R2=0.28) independently associated with PA
- Barriers significantly associated with PA were dry mouth/throat (r=-0.32, p=0.016), fatigue (r=-0.27,p=0.043), drainage in mouth or throat (r=-0.41, p=0.002), difficulty eating(r=-0.32, p=0.015), shortness of breath (r=-0.30, p=0.024), muscle weakness (r=-0.29, p=0.033), difficulty swallowing (r=-0.28, p=0.039) and decreased food intake (r=-0.28, p=0.039)
- ³ 39% reported lack of interest, enjoyment or self-discipline, not a priority, not in routine and procrastination as barriers, but these were not significantly associated with activity. Fear of injury was the only non-physical barrier (r=-0.27, p=0.042)
- Strong correlations between symptoms index prevalence with total exercise minutes were fatigue (r=-0.33 p=0.012), pain in mouth/throat/neck (r=-0.33, p=0.012) and discontent with current QOL (r=-0.28, p=0.038)
- Difficulty communicating was significantly associated with activity (only reported by 9%, r=-0.28, p=0.036)
|
| 6 |
Silver et al., 2007 [25]
USA
(Prospective cohort) |
N=17
Age: 58.9±5.4years
Gender ratio: 2F, 15M
Race: 14 White, 2 Black, 1 Asian
Cancer type: HNSCC (pharynx, larynx, oral cavity)
Cancer stage: all(17) III-IVa
Treatment: concurrent chemo-radiation |
Dietary intake
Body composition (DXA)
Energy balance (BreezeSuite software version 6.1B)
Physical function (PAL)
Biomarkers (Inflammatory markers)
Survey was given at baseline and one month post treatment |
- Average PA level decreased from baseline to final (household activities, sport activities and overall) p=0.003
- Increased serum interleukin 6 levels associated with decrease independence of ADLS (r=-.56; p=0.04) and of IADL (r=-.60; p=0.02)
- Significant association between anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced PA level (r=-.63; p=0.01)
|
| 7 |
Rogers et al., 2006 [28]
USA
(Cross-sectional study) |
N=59
Age: 58±12.8years
Gender ratio: 10F, 49M
Race: 54 Caucasian, 3 African American, 2 Other
Cancer type: HNC (oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, nasopharynx, nasal cavity/sinuses, salivary gland and other)
Cancer stage: I-II: 16, III-IV: 43
Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or combo |
Physical activity (Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire)
Quality of life (FACT-HN)
Fatigue (PWB scale)
Depression (CES-D)
Survey was given once, at a mean of 18.6±50.9 months since diagnosis. 51 participants not on treatment at time of survey |
- Those participating in moderate (17%) vigorous (34%) activity before cancer diagnosis, and meeting PA guidelines (30.5%). Those after diagnosis, participating in moderate (12%) and vigorous (5%) and 8.5% meeting guidelines. Those meeting guidelines were off treatment. Decrease 268.3±870.2 weekly active minutes post diagnosis. 71% reported no change, but sedentary both times
- FWB and AC were slight higher than midrange, other QOL components above possible midrange. Mean fatigue 2.2/4, depression 18.7
- Weekly active minutes associated with younger age (r=-0.24, p=0.080), absence of medical comorbidity (r=-0.29, p=0.031) and alcohol use (r=0.36, p=0.007)
- No association with activity and gender, race, education, income, BMI, cancer stage, on/off treatment, months since diagnosis or smoking
- Younger age associated with higher depression (r=-0.26, p=0.051), but not QOL or fatigue. Higher QOL, not depression or fatigue, associated with absence of comorbidity(r=-0.25, p=0.059) and alcohol use (r=-0.35, p=0.008)
- Higher QOL associated with higher weekly active minutes: small to medium effect size with PWB (r=0.20), SWB (r=0.15), EWB (r=0.21) and AC (r=0.26), medium effect size with FWB (r=0.38), Fact G (r=0.33) and FACT HN (=0.33). Adjusted for age, one comorbidity and alcohol use, FWB (r=0.30, p=0.027)
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