Figure 4: Immediate effect of TANES on locomotion. Representative images, saved from the video record for the same rat with chronic SCI, show typical body-weight supported stepping induced by TANES. Before TANES the rat’s left hind limb was able to partially support the body weight in stance, but the right hind limb was unable to do so (A, arrowhead indicating the plantar face up). When TANES started the same right hind limb became strong and powerful, enabling the rat to fully stand up and step with body weight-support (B, arrow indicating the plantar face down) and alternate movement of two hind limbs. Note that the cords (pink in color, B) connect the instrument of physical therapy (not shown) and the tail through two electrodes by clamping the tail. (Replicated from Zhang, 2010 with permission).