Figure 5: Possible mechanisms of locomotor recovery from chronic SCI. Schematic diagram shows the effects of basic treatments (including scar ablation and cell transplantation) and physical therapy (i.e. TANES-induced open field locomotor training) on functional recovery, as well as the relationship between them. This is a hypothesis how to transform the temporary ability to walk (weight-supported stepping) induced by TANES into a permanent ability, i.e., locomotor recovery.