Author/ year Participants/ level, Style Method Sample size/ duration Injury definition Outcomes: incidence/prevalence Outcomes: Severity (time loss in days) Intervention Limitation In-consistency In-directness Im-precision Publication bias Baker et.al. [45] Contemporary students Retrospective survey 57/ Sept 2006-June 2007 physical damage to the body or body part which prevented completion of one or more entire curriculum class 75 injuries on total not reported   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Scialom et.al. [46] professional contemporary retrospective survey 30 "their most important injury" not indicated specifically not reported   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Rietveld [47] dancers and dance teachers>45years, all styles Retrospective medical records 66/April 1993-March 1996 medical attention total 92 injuries, 1.4 injuries/dancer not reported   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Pearson & Whitaker [48] ballet students Retrospective survey 67 occurred or was first noticed during ballet practice 36 dancers (55%) reported a relevant injury     serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Solomon et.al. (1995) [49] professional ballet Retrospective 70/1 year medical attention 137 total (male: 58, female: 79) 101 injuries classified as grade 1: less than a week away; 34 injuries grade 2: one week or more. self-insurance against medical costs serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Solomon et.al. [50] professional ballet retrospective 70/year 1; 60/year 2;60/year 3 medical attention year 1:137; year 2:128; year 3:88 not indicated injury audit, in-house medical provision serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Solomon et.al. [51] professional ballet retrospective 70/year 1; 60/year 2;60/year 3; 60/year 4; 59/year 5 medical attention year 1: 137; year 2:128; year 3:96; year 4:98; year 5: 101   injury audit, in-house medical provision serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Nilsson et.al. [52] professional ballet retrospective/prospective cohort 98 dancers/5 years medical attention 0.6/1000hrs median full withdrawal 2.3 weeks   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Pedersen & Wilmerding [53] student and professional flamenco dancers retrospective survey 80 dancers- injury data collected over lifetime of dance not explicit but injuries sustained during participation in flamenco 50 injuries in total (20 to students, 30 to professionals)         serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Pedersen & Wilmerding [53] student and professional flamenco dancers retrospective survey 80 dancers- injury data collected over lifetime of dance not explicit but injuries sustained during participation in flamenco 50 injuries in total (20 to students, 30 to professionals)         serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Ramel& Moritz [54] professional ballet retrospective survey 128/injury data collected in relation to last 12 months From the Nordic Questionnaire, "any trouble (ache, pain, discomfort)" 121 dancers reported experiencing some trouble, 472 problems reported. 168 problems prevented dancers doing their daily work.   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Ramel et.al. [55] professional ballet retrospective survey 51 over 12 months From the Nordic Questionnaire, "any trouble (ache, pain, discomfort)" 443 problems reported in 1995 (compared to 403 to the same 51 dancers in 1989) 1995:132 injuries causing incapacity in last 12 months; 1989: 161 injuries causing incapacity in last 12 months   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Evans et.al. [56] professional Broadway dancers and actors retrospective survey 318 over the duration of the Broadway production (166 dancers) self-reported for 166 dancers: 218 injuries in total     serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Quirk [57] student and professional ballet retrospective medical records 664/15 years medical attention 2113 injuries     serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected No im-precision undetected Chmelar et.al. [58] professional and student ballet and modern retrospective survey 39 dancers/ taken from the questionnaire: "have you sustained any major injuries that have kept you away from dancing for more than 2 or 3 weeks; do you have any recurrent physical nuisances that interfere with but do not stop your dancing 46 injuries     serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Bowling [58] professional modern and ballet retrospective survey 141 dancers/ 6 months recall self-reported injury 118 dancers had at least one injury     serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Bronner& Brownstein [59] professional Broadway dancers medical record review 30 dancers/ 7 weeks time loss from performance 40% injury rate; 1.0injuries/dancer 82 missed and 35 partial performances   serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected Nuneset.al. [60] recreational ballet questionnaire 31 dancers (12 non-Pointe, 19 Pointe) no explicit- reports painful sites mean number of painful sites reported. Non-Pointe: 1.3; Pointe 2.9     serious limitations No serious inconsistency no serious indirectness detected Im-precision undetected

Table 1: Severity of injuries.