| Virus |
Free radical generated |
Effect |
Host proteins associated with oxidative stress |
Ref |
|
Rhinovirus |
superoxide (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
airway inflammation |
activation of xanthine oxidase; reduced concentration of glutathione (GSH) and increased activity of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) |
[59,84-87] |
|
Influenza Virus |
O2−, nitric oxide (NO) |
enhanced viral mutations, replication and airway inflammation |
reduced concentrations of catalase, glutathione and super oxide dismutase (SOD); Increased activity of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) |
[60,66,88-91] |
|
RSV |
NO, O2−, H2O2 |
airway inflammation |
virus induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity; progressive decrease of antioxidant enzymes SOD 1, SOD 3 and Catalase; reduced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and Nrf2-ARE driven transcription |
[8,11,52,92]
(Casola A, unpublished observation) |
|
hMPV |
O2−, H2O2 |
airway inflammation |
progressive decrease of antioxidant enzymes SOD 3, catalase, GST, and Prdx; reduced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and Nrf2-ARE driven transcription |
[11,63]
(Casola A, unpublished observation) |
|
