Figure 12: Three models of robotics-based engineered vascular tissues. Model I: Dispensed ECs are sandwiched between upper and lower layers of ST-gelatin photogel. Model II: Preconstruction of tubular ST-gelatin gels using dispensing PNIPAM aqueous solution at 37°C followed by dissolution in cold water at 4°C, and seeding of EC-containing medium into tubular structures using a syringe. Model III: ECs are directly dispensed into SMC-containing ST-gelatin gel to form a 3D vascular tissue.