Clinical signs Ultrasound results Necropsy results Direction of coxofemoral luxation No. of cases Able to stand Notable asymmetry of the hip Articular crepitus Transcutaneous dorsolateral view Transcutaneous ventrodorsal view Trans- rectal view Rupture of joint capsule and femoral head ligament Severe periarticular damage Associated fracture BFH AJC BFH AJC BFH Craniodorsal 5 2*/5† 5/5 5/5 5/5 5/5 0/2 2/2 NIA 4/4 1/4 2/4 Caudodorsal 6 1/6 2/6 4/6 6/6 3/6 6/6 6/6 NIA 6/6 6/6 1/6 Caudoventral 11 0/11 4/11 9/11 0/11 11/11 7/7 7/7 6/6 6/6 4/6 0/6 *Number of positive findings, †Number of cows evaluated, NIA No imaging attempted, BFH Diagnostic images of the ball of the femoral head, AJC Diagnostic images of the empty acetabular joint cavity

Table 1: Results of Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Postmortem Examination of 18 Cows with Coxofemoral Luxation