| Approach |
Example |
| Modification of plasmid design |
Promoter/enhancer elements |
| |
Polyadenylation sequence |
| |
Kozak sequence |
| |
Secretory leader sequence |
| |
Consensus sequence |
| |
Codon optimization |
| Delivery methods |
Electroporation |
| |
DNA tattoo |
| |
Gene Gun |
| |
Polyethylenimine (PEI) and Vaxfectin® |
| Adjuvants |
Plasmid unmethylatedCpG motifs |
| |
TLR agonists |
| |
Genetic adjuvants (e.g. cytokines/chemokines) |
| |
Glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) |
| |
Chemical Compounds (e.g. bupivacaine) |
| Targeting to dendritic cells |
DEC205 receptor |
| |
CD11c receptor |
| |
PD1 |
| Heterologous prime-boost |
DNA prime followed by boost with recombinant attenuated viruses (e.g. MVA) |
| |
DNA prime followed by boost with recombinant proteins |
