| Mode of repair |
Site of repair |
Animal Model |
Observations |
Studies |
| Growth factors |
|
| Bone Morphogenetic protein-13 (BMP-13) expressing MSCs |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
No difference in strength, stress or stiffness when compared to control group. |
[75] |
| BMP-2 injection at repair site |
Flexor tendon |
Rabbit |
Ultimate failure load increased in BMP-2 group. |
[72] |
| rhBMP-2 in hyaluron or collagen sponge |
Rotator cuff |
Sheep |
Increased mechanical properties of the interface when treated with rhBMP-2 sponge (either hyaluron or collagen sponge) when compared to sponge alone. |
[74] |
| BMP-2 loaded polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with periosteum progenitor cells |
Rotator cuff |
Rabbit |
Increased fibrocartilage and bone layers and increased pull-out strength at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively compared to control group. |
[76] |
| Platelet rich plasma and BMP-2 in fibrin glue |
Achilles tendon |
Rabbit |
No significant increase in maximum loads at 2 or 4 weeks, but becomes significant at 8weeks when compared to control groups. Woven bone and fibrocartilage produced. |
[77] |
| Granulocyte colony stimulating ( G-CSF) factor in gelatin |
Flexor tendon at ACL site |
Dog |
Increased mechanical strength at the interface in the treatment group. |
[78] |
| Platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) coated suture anchors |
Rotator cuff |
Sheep |
Increased histologic score at insertion site but no difference in treatment to control
Group |
[82]
|
| Fibroblast growth factor -2 (FGF-2) in acellular dermal matrix graft |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
Increased fibrocartilage and increased load to failure in the FGF-2 group |
[81] |
| TGFβ3 released from fibrin glue delivery system |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
strength compared to surgical repair but not matching levels of
uninjured bone-tendon insertion. |
[80] |
| TGFβ , TGFβ , TGFβ |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
mechanics compared to paired control. TGFβ3 showed no differences
between treatment and control groups. |
[79] |
|
TGF β and BMP-2 in fibrin glue carrier |
Achilles tendon |
Rabbit |
TGFβ had no effect, but BMP-2 accelerates healing at interface |
[73] |
| Ultrasound/shock wave therapy |
| Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) |
Patellar tendon |
Rabbit |
Increased hardness of new bone, fibrocartilage and tendon |
[101] |
| Extracorporeal shock wave therapy |
Patellar tendon |
Rabbit |
Regeneration of fibrocartilaginous zone and increased
osteogenesis in treated
group
|
[132] |
| Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) |
Patellar tendon |
Rabbit |
Increased healing at the interface in treatment group |
[100] |
| Inhibition |
|
| α2-macroglobulin |
Semitendinosus tendon at ACL site |
Rabbit |
Enhanced bone healing at the interface in the treatment group. |
[96] |
| α2-macroglobulin |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
groups but increased
collagen in treatment group. |
[97] |
| Doxycycline (MMP-13 inhibitor) |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
Increased load to failure in treatment group |
[98] |
| Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blockade |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
fibrocartilage levels compared to control group |
[99] |
| Bone cements |
|
|
|
|
| α-BSM Calcium phosphate cement |
ACL |
Pig |
Significantly lower pull out strengths than control group |
[85] |
| Calcium phosphate matrix with and without TGF 3 |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
Increased Collagen
I/Collagen III ratio and increased Strength at interface in treatment group. |
[86] |
| Magnesium-based bone cement |
Hamstring graft at ACL site |
Rabbit |
Increased cartilage and failure strength in treatment group. |
[83] |
| Brushite bone cement |
Brushite bone cement |
Rabbit |
Increased strength and stiffness at interface in treatment group. |
[87] |
| Cells |
| Chondrocyte pellet |
Patellar tendon |
Rabbit |
Fibrocartilage zone structure in treatment group. |
[95] |
| Bone marrow stromal cells |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
No difference in cartilage production, collagen organization or failure strength in treatment group. |
[36] |
| MTI-MMP transduced MSCs |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
Increased fibrocartilage, load, stress and stiffnes than control group at 4
weeks. |
[94] |
| MSCs in fibrin gel |
Achilles tendon |
Rat |
45 weeks. Organised
enthesis structure
produced |
[93] |
| Chondrocytes in fibrin gel |
Achilles tendon |
Rat |
but lack of
organisation at the
enthesis |
[93] |
| Scleraxis-transduced MSCs in fibrin glue |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
fibrocartilage at 4
weeks compared to control group. |
[37] |
| Autologous MSCs in fibrin glue |
Achilles tendon at ACL site |
Rabbit |
Zone of fibrocartilage and increased load to failure in treatment group. |
[92] |
| Other |
|
| Polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet |
Rotator cuff |
Rabbit |
compared to polycaprolactone (PCL) control, but not tendon control. |
[88] |
| Polyurethane patch (Artelon® Tissue Reinforcement graft) |
Achilles tendon |
Cadaveric
human |
Increased load to failure in treatment group. |
[91] |
| Demineralised bone matrix |
Patellar tendon |
Sheep |
Increased
fibrocartilage and mineralized
fibrocartilage in
treatment group. |
[89] |
|
Paralysis with Botulinium
toxin |
Rotator cuff |
Rat |
recovered by 24 weeks
in treatment group.
Increased collagen
fibre alignment in
treatment group. |
[102] |
| Delayed mechanical
conditioning |
ACL |
Rat |
Increased maximum loads in delayed groups when compared to immediate loading or immobilised groups |
[103]
|
| Controlled mechanical
loading |
ACL |
Rat |
Low levels of controlled loading in immediate post- operative period does
not significantly impair healing |
[104] |
| Autologous cartilage plug |
Patellar tendon |
Goat |
Increased fibrocartilage production at the interface. |
[90] |
