Abnormal and Behavioural Psychology

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation intervention. TMS has been proposed for the treatment of Anxiety Disorders and disorders in which anxiety symptoms are prevalent, such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Objective: To assess the efficacy of TMS for anxiety symptoms in Specific and Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder (PD), OCD and PTSD in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
Methods: Systematic review using MEDLINE from the first RCT available until January 2015. The main outcome was the Hedges’ g for continuous scores for anxiety symptoms scales in a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2 and the χ2 test. Publication bias was evaluated using the Begg’s funnel plot. Metaregression was performed using the random-effects model modified by Knapp and Hartung. Results: We included 14 RCTs (n=395); most had small-to-modest sample sizes. Comparing active vs. sham TMS, active stimulation was not significantly superior for anxiety symptoms (Hedges’ g = -0.02; 95% CI -0.24- 0.20). The funnel plot showed that the risk of publication bias was low and between-study heterogeneity was not significantly (I2=12%). Meta-regression showed no particular influence of any variable on the results.
Conclusion: TMS active was not superior to sham stimulation for the amelioration of anxiety symptoms. Trials had homogeneous results, despite different protocols of stimulation used. Further RCTs with larger sample sizes are fundamentally needed to clarify the precise impact of TMS in anxiety symptoms.
Highlights
• We present a systematic review and meta-analysis on results of TMS for anxiety symptoms in anxiety disorders
• Four-teen studies (395 patients) were selected for the quantitative analysis
• We found that active TMS was not significantly superior to sham TMS in this dataset (Hedges’ g = -0.02; 95% CI -0.24-0.20)
• Heterogeneity was not significant in our analysis (I2=12% and p=0.361 for the χ2 test)
• Meta-regression showed no particular influence of any variable on the results
• The funnel plot displayed that studies were evenly distributed, with all studies within the limits deter-mined by the graphic except for one, indicating low bias.

The article raises a question of interest in sleep medicine, forensic medicine, psychiatry, psychology and low. According to the decision of the Supreme Court of Israel C.A. 3958/08, V became aware while dreaming that her father raped her 28 years earlier. The verdict sent the old father to prison starting December 31, 2015. V was able to provide a vivid description and details concerning sexual abuse performed by her father when she was 3 and 10-11 years old. The Supreme Court considered these memories as true, despite the controversy of scientific data on that subject.

Background:
People whose chronic pain limits their independence are especially likely to become anxious and depressed. Mindfulness training has shown promise for stress-related disorders.
Methods: Chronic pain patients who complained of anxiety and depression and who scored higher than moderate in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as well as moderate in Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) were observed for eight weeks, three days a week for an hour of Mindfulness Meditation training with an hour daily home Mindfulness Meditation practice. Pain was evaluated on study entry and completion, and patients were given the Patients’ Global Impression of Change (PGIC) to score at the end of the training program.
Results: Forty-seven patients (47) completed the Mindfulness Meditation Training program. Over the year-long observation, patients demonstrated noticeable improvement in depression, anxiety, pain, and global impression of change.
Conclusion: Chronic pain patients who suffer with anxiety and depression may benefit from incorporating Mindfulness Meditation into their treatment plans.