Journal of Bioengineering & Biomedical Science

Following the insurmountable and seeming incurable status for the most acclaimed infectious disease – HIV, and which have been worsened by its allies of infectious diseases, this paper projected using ordinary differential equations, a 4-Dimensional mathematical model that accounted for the percentage optimal benefits and the methodological application of chemotherapy - RTI, in the interaction of dual HIV- parasitoid pathogen infectivity with the human immune system. Simple analytical optimal control method was deployed, primed by the maximization of healthy immune system on the basis of control effect of chemotherapy on viruses’ infectivity. Using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, the study established the model dynamical optimal control as a composition of system state variables, coupled with four adjoint systems with corresponding initial and transversality conditions together with the optimal control function. The model was solved numerically and results indicated thus: benefits on cost function as highest when onset of infection were followed by high intensity chemotherapy schedule; while optimum control were achieved with prolong treatment administration. The study revealed that optimal control is a function of dynamic optimal weight factor and is independent of prolong treatment duration. The study therefore, advocates the incorporation of dual immunotherapies for the treatment of multiple virus infectivity.

A method for preparing lipid vesicles having suitable size for drug delivery (in a few hundred nanometer size) with high entrapment efficiency of hydrophilic molecules was developed. The lipid vesicles containing hydrophilic molecules in their internal compartments were formed from water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) multiple emulsions after the removal of organic solvent by evaporation under ambient condition. The primary W1/O emulsions were formed via homogenization by sonication of mixture of oil phase containing bilayer forming lipids, and the water phase containing hydrophilic molecules to be entrapped. The W1/O/W2 multiple emulsions were formed through microchannel (MC) emulsification by introducing the dispersed phase, i.e., (W1/O) emulsion, into the MC device in the presence of polymeric surfactants in the external water phase. The average size of the lipid vesicles formed, measured using dynamic light scattering and observed by transmittance electron microscopy, was 182 nm, and comparable with the size of the initial water droplet of the primary W1/O emulsion (192 nm), indicating that the vesicle size reflects the water droplet size of the primary W1/O emulsion. High entrapment yields for hydrophilic molecules, namely 89.3 ± 4.2% for calcein and 41.1 ± 3.3% for 5-fluorouracil, were achieved.

The discharge of nitrate-rich effluent has adverse effect on the receiving environment and the public health of the polluted water users. The nitrates are eliminated in a denitrification step that requires reducing power in form of organic carbon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of utilizing organic carbon in effluent from the anaerobic SBR as a carbon source for denitrification. Reactors were operated for one year using meat processing wastewater. Anaerobically treated abattoir wastewater equivalent to 5, 10 and 15% of aerobic SBR hydraulic volume were added to three separate reactors. A 12 h operating cycle consisted of the following periods: (a) filling, 0.30 h; (b) settling, 11 h and (d) decanting, 0.30 h for the anoxic reactor. A comparison between different carbon loads was performed based on biological carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Sufficient denitrification was achieved with 10% (aerobic SBR hydraulic volume) of anaerobically-treated abattoir wastewater. TCOD, BOD5, TKN, N02 -N, NO3 -N, PO4 3-, TS, EC and temperature and turbidity were reduced by 78, 70, 91, 100, 98, 62, 39, 65, 71, 5 and 39% respectively, with effluent mean concentrations of 80 ± 5 mg/L, 54 ± 12 mg/L, 35 ± 4, 00 ± 0, 2 ± 1, 18 ± 1, 254 ± 12, 1.64 ± 0.01, 22.04 ± 0.02 and 738 ± 9 FAU. Organic carbon in effluent from the anaerobic SBR can be used as a carbon source for anoxic denitrification. However, the denitrification rate is affected by the organic carbon load used. Except TKN and o-PO43- mg/L, all other parameters in the denitrified effluent met discharge standards

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify clinical reference for the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. We compared the knee flexion extension rotation angle (FERA), internal and external rotation angle (IERA) and varus eversion rotation angle (VERA) before and after ACL injury.

Study design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidenceII. Methods: In the control group, 15 health volunteers (male: 6; female: 9) was included. In the ACL injury group, 15 subjects (male: 6; female: 9) with ACL injury on single knee were included. Three-dimensional motion system was used to analyze FERA, IERA and VERA during the stance and swing phases of a gait cycle.

Results: The results showed that FERA, IERA and VERA were significantly different between the ACL injury group and the healthy control group. In the swing phase of a gait cycle, knee flexion angle, tibial external rotation and varus reached maximum. In the stance phase of a gait cycle, the extension, tibial internal rotation, varus angles reached maximum. In the healthy control group, FERA, IERA and VERA varied within a narrow range, while in the ACL injury group, FERA, IERA and VERA varied at a significantly larger range.

Conclusions: We concluded that FERA, IERA and VERA can be used as diagnostic reference for ACL injury. Accurate data from gait analysis can provide scientific guidance for postoperative rehabilitation.

We investigated the mRNA expression of V-ATPase CA II, NFAT2, and RANK as well as bone mineral density (BMD) in bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), to explore the mechanism by which PEMF alter bone at the molecular level in vivo. 24 Sprague–Dawley female rats were randomly divided into three different groups: SHAM, OVX, ovariectomy with PEMF stimulation (PEMF+OVX). The PEMF frequency was 3.8 mT, 8 Hz, for 40 min per day. Eight rats in each group were treated for 28 days. At the end of the intervention, the body weight and BMD were measured. The mRNA expression of V-ATPase, CA II, NFAT2 and RANK were analyzed by real-time fluorescent-nested quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The V-ATPase, CAII, NFAT2 and RANK genes show strong expression in the OVX group as compared with the SHAM group (P<0.001, respectively). The mRNAs expression of V-ATPase, CAII, NFAT2 and RANK in PEMF treatment group were significantly lower than that in OVX group, respectively (p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.013, P=0.04, respectively). The V-ATPase, CAII and RANK mRNA expression in the PEMF+OVX group were higher than SHAM group (p=0.04, p=0.001, p=0.000, respectively). However, the NFAT2 mRNA expression did not show a statistically significant difference between the SHAM and the PEMF+OVX group (P=0.08). This study indicated that exposure to PEMF restrained bone resorption in order to elevate BMD, and this outcome occurred in part through RANK-signaling by the CN/NFAT pathway to regulate bone metabolism. Alternatively, PEMF may promote the BMD through regulating the expression of NFAT2 genes. It may have certain significance in the treatment target of osteoporosis.

This research study reports on the effective band of EEG signal to be used in seizure prediction, such as gamma, beta, alpha etc. The exercises were performed on a patient-specific framework for Electroencephalography (EEG) channel selection and seizure prediction, based on statistical probability distributions of the EEG signals. This framework is an enhanced method consists of two major phases, training and testing. Our objective was to distinguish between predicted and normal EEG signals. We achieved high prediction efficiency in reasonable time with low false alarm rate considering the parameters of seizure prediction techniques. Overall, we reached an efficiency of 96.2485% with prediction time of 54.012 min and false alarm rate of 0.10526/h. This approach is having considerable significance. It is a simple method which depends on all filtering technique. This method can be implemented easily in future work and it doesn’t have much computational load.

The deterioration of the mechanical properties with aging is the major caused of the fracture of bone in elder population. The elastic modulus (Young’s Modulus) deteriorated in aging bones. An understanding is essential to known how elastic modulus degrades in aging bones. In the present study tensile testing experiments on the bovine hip joint bone have been performed in both longitudinal and transvers directions to investigate the effect of age on the elastic modulus on bovine hip joint bone. The samples for testing are taken from the age groups 1-5 years. From these experiments the elastic modulus is determined both in longitudinal and transvers direction. It is found that the elastic modulus deteriorated both in longitudinal and transvers directions with increasing age. It is investigated the deteriorated is higher in transvers direction as compared tolongitudinal direction.