Journal of Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology

The purpose of this paper is to connect the experimental evidence concerning brain phospholipids fatty acids composition by comparing the first warm-blooded animal in the phylogeny (birds) with the human brain at various ages of life (from the fetal period until the eightieth year of age). The particularity of our investigation is an almost unique opportunity for groped a hypothesis about the evolutionary aspects of the behavior of brain and consciousness, as represented in the human and animal world, as a result of the evidence that led to the diagnostic classification of mood disorders in humans, in their similarity with some animal species. A logical sequence of considerations about the mood disorder diagnosis, due to unequivocal evidence by the use of mathematical tools that cannot be manipulated, it leads to results that most probably indicate and suggest the existence of a common brain “biochemical house“, in man and animal. This “common house” will become more and more complex, during evolution, from animal to man, respecting the concept of the molecular equilibrium and allowing to each living being the adaptation to their needs and their roles. Small deviations from the biochemical equilibrium of brain fatty acids can manifest pathological behavioral responses, much amplified. Everything seems to be witnessed by the strong classificatory correspondence of the platelets fatty acids which correspond to psycho pathologies, especially for the Linoleic acid and alpha Linolenic acid, in particular the Linoleic Acid, which, to varying percentages, it may correspond to psychopathological phenomena.

Molecular phylogeny of the reptiles does not accept the basal split of squamates into Iguania and Scleroglossa that is in conflict with morphological evidence. The classical phylogeny of living reptiles places turtles at the base of the tree. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear genes join crocodilians with turtles and places squamates at the base of the tree. Alignment of the reptiles’ ITS2s with the ITS2 of chordates has shown a high extent of their similarity in ancient conservative regions with Cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae, and a less extent of similarity with two Tunicata, Saussurea tunicate, and Rinodina tunicate. We have performed also an alignment of ITS2 segments between the two break points coming into play in 5.8S rRNA maturation of Branchiostoma floridae in pairs with orthologs from different vertebrates where it was possible. A similarity for most taxons fluctuates between about 50 and 70%. This molecular analysis coupled with analysis of phylogenetic trees constructed on a basis of manual alignment, allows us to hypothesize that primitive chordates being the nearest relatives of simplest vertebrates represent the real base of the vertebrate phylogenetic tree.

Phylogenetic analyses of RHDV provide information on the affinity of strains and point to evolutionary dependencies among them. The objective of the study was the phylogenetic analysis of six strains of RHD virus, including four Czech strains (CAMPV-351, CAMPV-561, CAMPV-562, CAMPV-558) and two French strains (Fr-1, Fr-2), on the basis of a fragment of the gene encoding C-terminal end of VP60 capsid structural protein. Phylogenetic analysis involved 25 sequences of RHDV homologues obtained from RHDV GenBank. The phylogenetic tree generated for 31 RHDV strains on the basis of a fragment of the gene encoding C-terminal end of VP60 capsid structural protein divided the strains analysed into four genetic groups (G1-G4), whereas the strains analysed were grouped in three genetic groups: G1 (CAMPV-351, CAMPV-562, CAMPV-558), G2 (Fr-1, Fr-2) and G3 (CAMPV-561). The phylogenetic analysis performed for Czech and French strains evidences that the strains feature different evolutionary paths and derive from European strains that caused foci of the plague in Germany and France. The obtained distribution of strains into four genetic groups testifies to their evolution, which is proved by group 4 gathering RHDVa strains.

Uses of molecular markers in the phylogenetic studies of various organisms have become increasingly important in recent times. This review gives an overview of different molecular markers employed by researchers for the purpose of phylogenetic studies. Availability of fast DNA sequencing techniques along with the development of robust statistical analysis methods, provided a new momentum to this field. In this context, utility of different nuclear encoded genes (like 16S rRNA, 5S rRNA, 28S rRNA) mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase, mitochondrial 12S, cytochrome b, control region) and few chloroplast encoded genes (like rbcL, matK, rpl16) are discussed. Criteria for choosing suitable molecular markers and steps leading to the construction of phylogenetic trees have been discussed. Although widely practised even now, traditional morphology based systems of classification of organisms have some limitations. On the other hand it appears that the use of molecular markers, though relatively recent in popularity and are not free entirely of flaws, can complement the traditional morphology based method for phylogenetic studies.

This approach on the behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) on the historical point of view, the relationship between behaviors that are part of this sequence, shaped as it is used in mammals and eventually brings a new model of how this sequence is made utilizer poultry using experimental animal allowing the use of index s to facilitate the study of the relationship between sequence and behaviors that are part of it.

Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans is known as a gram positive bacterium. It is thermophilic, and chemolithotrophic in nature. This is an anaerobic bacterium. C. hydrogenoformans is also described as a carbon monoxide utilising bacterium. Because this bacterium grows by utilising the carbon monoxide (CO). It acts as a single carbon, source of energy, and this bacterium mainly produces H₂ and CO₂. By cloning and sequencing the Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, cooF and cooS are derived. These cooF and cooS genes will be present in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. This carbon monoxide dehydrogenase enzyme plays an important role in the metabolism of carbon monoxide (CO).