Journal of Tissue Science and Engineering

The fat body of Drosophila has been considered as the equivalent to the vertebrate adipose tissue and liver in its storage and major metabolic functions. It is a dynamic and multifunctional tissue which functions in energy storage, immune response and as a nutritional sensor. As a major endocrine organ in Drosophila, the fat body can produce various proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, synthesize triglyceride, diacylglycerol, trehalose and glycogen in response to energetic demands. It also secretes significant proteins governing oocyte maturation or targeting nutritional signals in the regulation of the metabolism. At different developmental stages and under different environmental conditions the fat body can interplay with other tissues in monitoring and responding to the physiological needs of the body’s growth and to coordinate the metabolism of development. The Drosophila fat body exists as a model relating to human lipometabolic disease, puberty and maturation and age-related diseases such as cancer, obesity and diabetes. In this review, we summarize the fat body formation and maturation in the Drosophila life cycle and provide an overview of fat body function as an energy reservoir and nutrient sensor. We also discuss the signaling pathways and key regulatory factors involved.

In the present investigation, PLA porous scaffolds was fabricated using NaCl as porogen in three different solvents i.e. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform (CF) respectively, by solvent casting particulate leaching method. The morphology, structure and thermal behaviour of the PLA scaffolds for porosity measurement were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The developed porous scaffolds were further characterized for porosity measurement, solvent uptake property and water absorption capacity at different temperatures. PLA/ CF scaffold depicted higher porosity factor (93%) along with enhanced water uptake capacity (220%) as against PLA/ HFIP scaffold (75%). However PLA/ DCM scaffolds illustrated more thermal stability as compared with PLA/ HFIP and PLA/ CF scaffolds.

In solid tumours, a discreet population of tumour associated cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to drive and sustain tumour development and be responsible for tumour relapse. Colorectal cancer stem cells express cellspecific surface markers, including amongst others, CD133, EpCAM, CD44, CD166, and CD94f. In the present study, we aimed to characterisecellpopulations in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines, SW1116, HT29 and DLD1, expressing both CSC markers CD133 and EpCAM. These cell lines represent early, mid and late stages of colorectal tumours, respectively. Up to 107 SW1116, HT29 and DLD1 cells, co-stained with anti-CD133 and anti-EpCAM, were evaluated using flow cytometry. We report here progressive increasing proportions of cells coexpressing the CD133/EpCAM epitopes in the respective cell lines. In the SW1116 cell line, 2.42 ± 0.20 percent of cells were CD133+EpCAM+, in the HT29 cell line, 5.13 ± 0.17 percent of cells were CD133+EpCAM+, and in the DLD1 cell line, 10.30 ± 0.2 percent of cells were CD133+EpCAM+. These data suggest the frequency of CD133/ EpCAM marker expression may be associated with tumour stage and aggression.

Regenerative Therapy’s first and most critical requisite is the ex vivo synthesis of fully functional desired cells to replenish those lost by the body in a degenerative disease. The etiology of degeneration differs from disease to disease, likewise, strategies to regenerate lost tissue in its heterogeneousness, should also cater to the regeneration process and to customize the same, the researcher ought to devise strategies to repair or replace or regenerate in the appropriate spatio-temporal format. For example, in the inflammation-degeneration-induced pathophysiological situations of the respiratory epithelium, human embryonic stem cells have been used in a tissue engineering format to induce differentiation and amplification into the desired type of cell, in this case, the nonciliated squamous epithelial cells. To this end, we were given two human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines and the main objective of our research work was to get BJNhem19 and BJNhem20 human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines to differentiate into lung epithelial lineage–specific cells (i.e. alveolar epithelial type I and type II cells and clara cells) which are the key cells to degenerate in most degenerative lung ailments. This in order to generate a potentially unlimited supply of cells of the desired phenotype for use in a novel cell based therapy to repair lung injury. The strategy was to use guided endodermal differentiation by direct administration of one or more growth factors known to be involved in lung development in 2D cell cultures and characterize the cells for the desired markers. According to a tried strategy, the undifferentiated hESC were taken through embryoid body formation and then subjected to induction by defined growth factors in small airways growth medium and bronchiolar endothelial growth medium. Cells could not be grown feeder-free. Attempts to aid growth with combinations of extra cellular matrix plus defined medium (GeltrexR) as well as enriched media such as Matrigel and mTeSR1 did not yield satisfactory result. When grown on feeders also cell growth was again not optimum and practically none differentiated appreciably into the desired phenotype and maintained their pluripotent characters. After 5 days in induction media, they displayed fibroblast like features characterized by FACS. If cell lines are thus non-response to specific and guided endodermal induced differentiation, the obtained data is animportant information for cell repositories as numerous research labs screen various cell lines of embryonic origin with the specific aim to induce differentiation into a desired phenotype for functional translation into regenerative therapy. This study therefore fills an existing lacuna in available information regarding behavior of these two hESC available for work to the scientific world in several stem cell banks and shall prevent unnecessary and redundant further screening and save valuable resources.

Scaffold design and fabrication are very important subjects for biomaterial, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research playing a unique role in tissue regeneration and repair. Among synthetic biomaterials Poly-ε- Caprolactone (PCL) is very attractive bioresorbable polyester due to its high permeability, biodegradability and capacity to be blended with other biopolymers. Thanks to its ability to naturally degrade in tissues, PCL has a great potential as a new material for implantable biomedical micro devices. This work focuses on the establishment of a micro fabrication process, by integrating lithography and micromolding fabrication techniques, for the realization of 3D microstructure PCL devices. Scaffold surface exhibits a combination in the patterned length scale; cylindrical pillars of 10 μm height and 10 μm diameter are arranged in a hexagonal lattice with periodicity of 30 μm and their sidewalls are nano-sculptured, with a regular pattern of grooves leading to a spatial modulation in the z direction. In order to demonstrate that these biocompatible pillared PCL substrates are suitable for a proper cell growth, NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts were seeded on them and cells key adhesion parameters were evaluated. Scanning Electron Microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis were carried out to check cell survival, proliferation and adhesion; cells growing on the PCL substrates appeared healthy and formed a well-developed network in close contact with the micro and nano features of the pillared surface. Those 3D scaffolds could be a promising solution for a wide range of applications within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

We gift primary results from the Sequencing Internal Control (SEQC) project, coordinated by the America Food and Drug Administration. Examining Illumina HiSeq, Life Technologies SOLiD and Roche 454 platforms at multiple laboratory sites victimization reference RNA samples with intrinsical controls, we have a tendency to assess RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) performance for junction discovery and differential expression identification and compare it to microarray and quantitative PCR (qPCR) information victimization complementary metrics. in the slightest degree sequencing depths, we have a tendency to discover unannotated exon-exon junctions, with >80% valid by qPCR. We discover that measurements of relative expression area unit correct and reproducible across sites and platforms if specific filters area unit used. In distinction, RNA-seq and microarrays don't offer correct absolute measurements, and gene-specific biases area unit determined for all examined platforms, together with qPCR. Activity performance depends on the platform and information analysis pipeline, and variation is giant for transcript-level identification. The whole SEQC information sets, comprising >100 billion reads (10Tb), offer distinctive resources for evaluating RNA-seq analyses for clinical and regulative settings.

Although the necessity for a useful blood vessel replacement is evident, the lower blood flow velocities of smalldiameter arteries just like the arterial blood vessel have semiconductor diode to the failure of artificial materials that are triple-crown for large-diameter grafts. Though autologous vessels stay the quality for little diameter grafts, several patients don't have a vessel appropriate to be used owing to vascular unwellness, amputation, or previous harvest. As a result, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach to deal with the shortcomings of current therapies. Investigators have explored the utilization of blood vessel tissue cells or differentiated stem cells combined with numerous kinds of natural and artificial scaffolds to form cannular constructs and subject them to chemical and/or mechanical stimulation in an endeavor to develop a useful small-diameter blood vessel replacement graft with variable degrees of success. Here, we tend to review the progress all told these major sides of the sector.