Figure 1: A Concept of a mapping by a character type. (A) A concept of f1 1M − 5M are comprised of 5 R and 1 L and each character attaches a leaf node of a rooted phylogenetic tree under a hypothesis that the evolutionary rate is constant. Numbers in ascending order are assigned from the root to leaf nodes as time point t. In f1, after a value in a circle is assigned to iM , values in circles are summed. (B) Concepts of gx and hx . In gx after hx maps characters in a square to a value in a triangle, values in triangles are mapped to a value in a circle.