True effect Estimated effect Degree of association 2.000 2.005(0.03) 1.596(0.01) 3.000 2.993(0.03) 1.729(0.02) 4.000 3.995(0.03) 1.853(0.03)

Table 1: Average of estimated effects and degree of associations for three different true effects of Y on Z over 50 replication sets with standard deviation in subscript.