Immune marker Population Predictor Value β P CD86 Non-diabetic IL-18 IP-10 0.325 0.085 < 0.001 0.033 Diabetic TNF-α IL-18 HbA1c 0.245 0.335 0.115 0.013 < 0.001 0.017 CD163 Non-diabetic IL-18 IL-8 0.218 0.061 < 0.001 0.001 Diabetic IL-18 0.393 < 0.001

Figure 5 Adipose tissue CD163 gene expression also relates with tissue inflammatory state. The adipose tissue gene expression of CD163 and signature inflammatory mediators was determined by quantitative real-time PCR as described in Methods. The relative mRNA expression of target gene was expressed as fold change over average expression in controls (lean subjects) taken as 1. The adipose tissue CD163 gene expression in non-diabetic population correlated positively with TNF-α (r = 0.35 P = 0.008) (A), IL-18 (r = 0.72 P < 0.0001) (B), IL-23 (r = 0.28 P = 0.03) (C), and IL-8 (r = 0.58 P < 0.0001) (D). CD163 gene expression in diabetic population correlated positively with TNF-α (r = 0.38 P = 0.009) (E), IL-18 (r = 0.71 P = 0.0001) (F), and IL-8 (r = 0.35 P = 0.01) (G).