Lipid modifications
and relevant examples |
Function |
Methods |
C-GPI
reviewed in16,17 |
-cellular communication
-oncogenesis18
-immune response19
-parasite infection15 |
-reviewed in 20
-MS (GPI-anchored proteins21
GPI units22) |
C-Cholesterylation
sonic Hedgehog (Shh)28 |
-development |
-radioactivity28
-biorthogonal reactions29 |
N-Myristoylation
-Bid, 32 actin,34 PAK, Gelsolin33,34
-HIV-1 Gag,38 Nef40
-Arf,67 MARCKS,68 Src family kinases135 |
-reviewed in10
-regulation of apoptosis
-virus, bacterial infectivity 37,38
-signaling
-misregulated in cancer41 and neurological disorders42 |
-radioactivity
tritiated fatty acids,33,34,82,85
iodinated fatty acids83,84
-MS89,90
-bioorthogonal reactions (reviewed in107,136 )
Staudinger ligation122
CuAAC129,133 |
C-Isoprenylation
Ras superfamily of small GTPases12
Farnesylation: Ras proteins
Geranylgeranylation: Rab proteins, Rho proteins |
-membrane association
-interaction with partners137
-signaling12
-cell migration, adhesion138
-membrane trafficking45 |
-radioactivity139
-MS91
-bioorthogonal reactions
(reviewed in107,136 )
Staudinger ligation114,115,116,121CuAAC117,118,132 |
Acylation
S-acylation:
Integral membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptor, ion channels
Soluble proteins such as: SNAP-25,63 N-Ras, H-Ras,59 src family kinases,65 Gα proteins66
N-acylation: Gαs subunit,49 Shh protein27
O-acylation: Wnt proteins50
|
--affinity for raft-like domains17
-ion channels regulation, maturation and trafficking52
-distribution of palmitoylated peripheral membrane proteins57
-regulation of synaptic plasticity13
-trafficking and activity of signaling proteins61 |
-radioactivity140
Iodinated fatty acids83,84
-MS51,88
MudPIT,94GC/MS98
-Acyl Biotin Exchange (ABE), 99-102,103,141 PalmPISC58
-bioorthogonal reactions
(reviewed in107,136 )
Staudinger ligation122,123
CuAAC124-127 |
|