Lipid modifications
and relevant examples

Function

Methods

C-GPI

reviewed in^16,17

-cellular communication
-oncogenesis¹⁸
-immune response¹⁹
-parasite infection¹⁵

-reviewed in ²⁰
-MS (GPI-anchored proteins²¹
GPI units²²)

C-Cholesterylation
sonic Hedgehog (Shh)²⁸

-development

-radioactivity²⁸
-biorthogonal reactions²⁹

N-Myristoylation

-Bid, ³² actin,³⁴ PAK, Gelsolin^33,34
-HIV-1 Gag,³⁸ Nef⁴⁰
-Arf,⁶⁷ MARCKS,⁶⁸ Src family kinases¹³⁵

-reviewed in¹⁰
-regulation of apoptosis
-virus, bacterial infectivity ^37,38
-signaling
-misregulated in cancer⁴¹ and neurological disorders⁴²

-radioactivity
tritiated fatty acids,^33,34,82,85
iodinated fatty acids^83,84
-MS^89,90
-bioorthogonal reactions (reviewed in^107,136 )
Staudinger ligation¹²²
CuAAC^129,133

C-Isoprenylation

Ras superfamily of small GTPases¹²
Farnesylation: Ras proteins
Geranylgeranylation: Rab proteins, Rho proteins

-membrane association
-interaction with partners¹³⁷
-signaling¹²
-cell migration, adhesion¹³⁸
-membrane trafficking⁴⁵

-radioactivity¹³⁹
-MS⁹¹
-bioorthogonal reactions
(reviewed in^107,136 )
Staudinger ligation^{114,115,116,121}CuAAC^117,118,132

Acylation

S-acylation:
Integral membrane proteins such as  G-protein coupled receptor, ion channels
Soluble proteins such as: SNAP-^25,63 N-Ras, H-Ras,⁵⁹ src family kinases,⁶⁵ Gα proteins⁶⁶
N-acylation:  Gαs subunit,⁴⁹ Shh protein²⁷

--affinity for raft-like domains¹⁷
-ion channels regulation, maturation and trafficking⁵²
-distribution of palmitoylated peripheral membrane proteins⁵⁷
-regulation of  synaptic plasticity¹³

-radioactivity¹⁴⁰
Iodinated fatty acids^83,84
-MS^51,88
 MudPIT,⁹⁴GC/MS⁹⁸
-Acyl Biotin Exchange (ABE), ^{99-102,103,141} PalmPISC⁵⁸

-bioorthogonal reactions
(reviewed in^107,136 )
Staudinger ligation^122,123